Arduino Mega 2560

Overview
Arduino Mega 2560 Development Board
Arduino Mega 2560 Development Board
The Arduino Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 (datasheet). It has 54 digital input/output pins (of which 14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs (hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Mega is compatible with most shields designed for the Arduino Duemilanove or Diecimila.
The Mega 2560 is an update to the Arduino Mega, which it replaces.
The Mega2560 differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the ATmega16U2 (ATmega8U2 in the revision 1 and revision 2 boards) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
Revision 2
of the Mega2560 board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode.
Revision 3
of the board has the following new features:
  • 1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
  • Stronger RESET circuit.
  • Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. 

Schematic, Reference Design & Pin Mapping

Pin Mapping: PinMap2560 page

Summary

MicrocontrollerATmega2560
Operating Voltage5V
Input Voltage (recommended)7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)6-20V
Digital I/O Pins54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins16
DC Current per I/O Pin40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin50 mA
Flash Memory256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM8 KB
EEPROM4 KB
Clock Speed16 MHz

Power

The Arduino Mega can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
  • VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
  • 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We don't advise it.
  • 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
  • GND. Ground pins.
  • IOREF. This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V.

Click to view the Atmega 2560 Pin Mapping.


Memory

The ATmega2560 has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 54 digital pins on the Mega can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
  • Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX); Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX); Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX); Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. Pins 0 and 1 are also connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega16U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
  • External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
  • PWM: 2 to 13 and 44 to 46. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
  • SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. The SPI pins are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically compatible with the Uno, Duemilanove and Diecimila.
  • LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
  • TWI: 20 (SDA) and 21 (SCL). Support TWI communication using the Wire library. Note that these pins are not in the same location as the TWI pins on the Duemilanove or Diecimila.
The Mega2560 has 16 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
  • AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
  • Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication

The Arduino Mega2560 has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega2560 provides four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. An ATmega16U2 (ATmega 8U2 on the revision 1 and revision 2 boards) on the board channels one of these over USB and provides a virtual com port to software on the computer (Windows machines will need a .inf file, but OSX and Linux machines will recognize the board as a COM port automatically. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the ATmega8U2/ATmega16U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Mega2560's digital pins.
The ATmega2560 also supports TWI and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the TWI bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming

The Arduino Mega can be programmed with the Arduino software (download).
The ATmega2560 on the Arduino Mega comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.
The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2 boards) firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository. The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:
  • On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.
  • On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). 

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather then requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Mega2560 is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega2560 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Mega2560 is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Mega2560. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.
The Mega2560 contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Mega2560 has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
Arduino Mega, With Labels Indicating Pins
Arduino Mega, With Labels Indicating Pins

Physical Characteristics and Shield Compatibility

The maximum length and width of the Mega2560 PCB are 4 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Three screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
The Mega2560 is designed to be compatible with most shields designed for the Uno, Diecimila or Duemilanove. Digital pins 0 to 13 (and the adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0 to 5, the power header, and ICSP header are all in equivalent locations. Further the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins (0 and 1), as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3 respectively). SPI is available through the ICSP header on both the Mega2560 and Duemilanove / Diecimila. Please note that I2C is not located on the same pins on the Mega (20 and 21) as the Duemilanove / Diecimila (analog inputs 4 and 5).

Information source :  arduino.cc

Click Here to view information about all other official Arduino boards available in the market.
 

Arduino Mega 2560 Pin Mapping for Arduino

The Following Pin Mapping, is applicable for the ICs ATmega640/1280/2560 used in the arduino boards.
Arduino Mega 2560/1280/640 Pin Mapping for Arduino
Arduino Mega 2560/1280/640 Pin Mapping for Arduino

Arduino Mega 2560 PIN mapping table
Pin NumberPin NameMapped Pin Name
1PG5 ( OC0B )Digital pin 4 (PWM)
2PE0 ( RXD0/PCINT8 )Digital pin 0 (RX0)
3PE1 ( TXD0 )Digital pin 1 (TX0)
4PE2 ( XCK0/AIN0 )
5PE3 ( OC3A/AIN1 )Digital pin 5 (PWM)
6PE4 ( OC3B/INT4 )Digital pin 2 (PWM)
7PE5 ( OC3C/INT5 )Digital pin 3 (PWM)
8PE6 ( T3/INT6 )
9PE7 ( CLKO/ICP3/INT7 )
10VCCVCC
11GNDGND
12PH0 ( RXD2 )Digital pin 17 (RX2)
13PH1 ( TXD2 )Digital pin 16 (TX2)
14PH2 ( XCK2 )
15PH3 ( OC4A )Digital pin 6 (PWM)
16PH4 ( OC4B )Digital pin 7 (PWM)
17PH5 ( OC4C )Digital pin 8 (PWM)
18PH6 ( OC2B )Digital pin 9 (PWM)
19PB0 ( SS/PCINT0 )Digital pin 53 (SS)
20PB1 ( SCK/PCINT1 )Digital pin 52 (SCK)
21PB2 ( MOSI/PCINT2 )Digital pin 51 (MOSI)
22PB3 ( MISO/PCINT3 )Digital pin 50 (MISO)
23PB4 ( OC2A/PCINT4 )Digital pin 10 (PWM)
24PB5 ( OC1A/PCINT5 )Digital pin 11 (PWM)
25PB6 ( OC1B/PCINT6 )Digital pin 12 (PWM)
26PB7 ( OC0A/OC1C/PCINT7 )Digital pin 13 (PWM)
27PH7 ( T4 )
28PG3 ( TOSC2 )
29PG4 ( TOSC1 )
30RESETRESET
31VCCVCC
32GNDGND
33XTAL2XTAL2
34XTAL1XTAL1
35PL0 ( ICP4 )Digital pin 49
36PL1 ( ICP5 )Digital pin 48
37PL2 ( T5 )Digital pin 47
38PL3 ( OC5A )Digital pin 46 (PWM)
39PL4 ( OC5B )Digital pin 45 (PWM)
40PL5 ( OC5C )Digital pin 44 (PWM)
41PL6Digital pin 43
42PL7Digital pin 42
43PD0 ( SCL/INT0 )Digital pin 21 (SCL)
44PD1 ( SDA/INT1 )Digital pin 20 (SDA)
45PD2 ( RXDI/INT2 )Digital pin 19 (RX1)
46PD3 ( TXD1/INT3 )Digital pin 18 (TX1)
47PD4 ( ICP1 )
48PD5 ( XCK1 )
49PD6 ( T1 )
50PD7 ( T0 )Digital pin 38
51PG0 ( WR )Digital pin 41
52PG1 ( RD )Digital pin 40
53PC0 ( A8 )Digital pin 37
54PC1 ( A9 )Digital pin 36
55PC2 ( A10 )Digital pin 35
56PC3 ( A11 )Digital pin 34
57PC4 ( A12 )Digital pin 33
58PC5 ( A13 )Digital pin 32
59PC6 ( A14 )Digital pin 31
60PC7 ( A15 )Digital pin 30
61VCCVCC
62GNDGND
63PJ0 ( RXD3/PCINT9 )Digital pin 15 (RX3)
64PJ1 ( TXD3/PCINT10 )Digital pin 14 (TX3)
65PJ2 ( XCK3/PCINT11 )
66PJ3 ( PCINT12 )
67PJ4 ( PCINT13 )
68PJ5 ( PCINT14 )
69PJ6 ( PCINT 15 )
70PG2 ( ALE )Digital pin 39
71PA7 ( AD7 )Digital pin 29
72PA6 ( AD6 )Digital pin 28
73PA5 ( AD5 )Digital pin 27
74PA4 ( AD4 )Digital pin 26
75PA3 ( AD3 )Digital pin 25
76PA2 ( AD2 )Digital pin 24
77PA1 ( AD1 )Digital pin 23
78PA0 ( AD0 )Digital pin 22
79PJ7
80VCCVCC
81GNDGND
82PK7 ( ADC15/PCINT23 )Analog pin 15
83PK6 ( ADC14/PCINT22 )Analog pin 14
84PK5 ( ADC13/PCINT21 )Analog pin 13
85PK4 ( ADC12/PCINT20 )Analog pin 12
86PK3 ( ADC11/PCINT19 )Analog pin 11
87PK2 ( ADC10/PCINT18 )Analog pin 10
88PK1 ( ADC9/PCINT17 )Analog pin 9
89PK0 ( ADC8/PCINT16 )Analog pin 8
90PF7 ( ADC7 )Analog pin 7
91PF6 ( ADC6 )Analog pin 6
92PF5 ( ADC5/TMS )Analog pin 5
93PF4 ( ADC4/TMK )Analog pin 4
94PF3 ( ADC3 )Analog pin 3
95PF2 ( ADC2 )Analog pin 2
96PF1 ( ADC1 )Analog pin 1
97PF0 ( ADC0 )Analog pin 0
98AREFAnalog Reference
99GNDGND
100AVCCVCC

The 100 Pin IC ATmega2560 have the above Pin Mapping on your Arduino Board.

Libraries Available For Arduino

An Arduino Board [Arduino BT(BlueTooth)]
An Arduino Board [Arduino BT(BlueTooth)]

There are various libraries that are available for Arduino, they may be in original form, or a custom one, or even build by us!
Know how to write your own Arduino Libraries, Click Here
Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g. working with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from Sketch > Import Library.

Standard Libraries

  • EEPROM - reading and writing to "permanent" storage
  • Ethernet - for connecting to the internet using the Arduino Ethernet Shield
  • Firmata - for communicating with applications on the computer using a standard serial protocol.
  • GSM - for connecting to a GSM/GRPS network with the GSM shield.
  • LiquidCrystal - for controlling liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
  • SD - for reading and writing SD cards
  • Servo - for controlling servo motors
  • SPI - for communicating with devices using the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) Bus
  • SoftwareSerial - for serial communication on any digital pins. 
  • Stepper - for controlling stepper motors
  • WiFi - for connecting to the internet using the Arduino WiFi shield
  • Wire - Two Wire Interface (TWI/I2C) for sending and receiving data over a net of devices or sensors. 

USB Libraries

  • Keyboard - Send keystrokes to an attached computer.
  • Mouse - Control cursor movement on a connected computer.

Due Only Libraries

  • Audio - Play audio files from a SD card.
  • Scheduler - Manage multiple non-blocking tasks.
  • USBHost - Communicate with USB peripherals like mice and keyboards.

Esplora Only Library

  • Esplora - this library enable you to easily access to various sensors and actuators mounted on the Esplora board.

Contributed Libraries

If you're using one of these libraries, you need to install it first. Communication (networking and protocols):
  • Messenger - for processing text-based messages from the computer
  • NewSoftSerial - an improved version of the SoftwareSerial library
  • OneWire - control devices (from Dallas Semiconductor) that use the One Wire protocol.
  • PS2Keyboard - read characters from a PS2 keyboard.
  • Simple Message System - send messages between Arduino and the computer
  • SSerial2Mobile - send text messages or emails using a cell phone (via AT commands over software serial)
  • Webduino - extensible web server library (for use with the Arduino Ethernet Shield)
  • X10 - Sending X10 signals over AC power lines
  • XBee - for communicating with XBees in API mode
  • SerialControl - Remote control other Arduinos over a serial connection 

Sensing:
  • Capacitive Sensing - turn two or more pins into capacitive sensors
  • Debounce - for reading noisy digital inputs (e.g. from buttons)
Displays and LEDs:
  • GFX - base class with standard graphics routines (by Adafruit Industries)
  • GLCD - graphics routines for LCD based on the KS0108 or equivalent chipset.
  • Improved LCD library fixes LCD initialization bugs in official Arduino LCD library
  • LedControl - for controlling LED matrices or seven-segment displays with a MAX7221 or MAX7219.
  • LedControl - an alternative to the Matrix library for driving multiple LEDs with Maxim chips.
  • LedDisplay - control of a HCMS-29xx scrolling LED display.
  • Matrix - Basic LED Matrix display manipulation library
  • PCD8544 - for the LCD controller on Nokia 55100-like displays (by Adafruit Industries)
  • Sprite - Basic image sprite manipulation library for use in animations with an LED matrix
  • ST7735 - for the LCD controller on a 1.8", 128x160 TFT screen (by Adafruit Industries)
Audio and Waveforms:
  • FFT - frequency analysis of audio or other analog signals
  • Tone - generate audio frequency square waves in the background on any microcontroller pin
Motors and PWM:
  • TLC5940 - 16 channel 12 bit PWM controller.
Timing:
  • DateTime - a library for keeping track of the current date and time in software.
  • Metro - help you time actions at regular intervals
  • MsTimer2 - uses the timer 2 interrupt to trigger an action every N milliseconds.
Utilities:
  • PString - a lightweight class for printing to buffers
  • Streaming - a method to simplify print statements 
NOTE:-  As we all know that Arduino is an Open Source Platform, it gives all its user a chance to work for its further development. As per the current stats, everyday somewhere in this world write an Arduino Library for a purpose, so what ever you require, that may be even not present in the above list, but still could be found just by few relevant keywords use in the search engine.
Know how to write your own Arduino Libraries, Click Here.

Arduino Uno

Arduino Uno R3 Front
Arduino Uno R3 Front
Arduino Uno R3 Back
Arduino Uno R3 Back

    "Uno" refers one in Italian.  

Introduction:

The Arduino Uno is a ATmega328 based micro controller Board.

It has 14 digital i/o pins ( 6 pins of them can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz oscillator/resonator , an USB connection port, a power jack, an ICSP header(In Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) is a method of directly programming AVRs, the Parallax Propeller, and PIC microcontrollers), and one reset button.

We have connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC power adapter or even battery to let it work!

REV 2
of the Uno board has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU (Device Firmware Upgrade) mode.

REV 3
of the board has the following new features:
  • Addition of SDA(Serial Data Line) and SCL (Side Coupled Linac) pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin.
  • Stronger RESET circuit.
  • Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.

 

Power

Uno can be powered up by the USB or with an external power supply, i.e, a battery or AC to DC adapter.  

The board can work on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If its supplied with less than 7V, the 5V pin may supply less than 5V and the board may be unstable. 

If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.  

The pins related to power are:
  • VIN: You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.
  • 5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. So its not advisable.
  • 3.3V: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
  • GND: Ground pins.
  • IOREF: This pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates.

 

Memory Onboard

  • The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader) flash. 
  • It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM 

Input and Output Pins

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
  • Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. 
  •  
  • External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details. 
  •  
  • PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function. 
  •  
  • SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. 
  •  
  • LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
  • The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
  • TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
  • Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. 

Communication Between Arduino or Computer

  • The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. 
  • The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega328 on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. 
  • The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. 
  • The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).
  • A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.
  • The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus.

Programming

  • The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board).
  • The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol.
  • You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header.
  • You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).
  • Download Latest Version Of Arduino IDE

Software Reset

Rather than a physical press of the reset button before an upload, it allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.

USB Overcurrent/Power Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Summary

MicrocontrollerATmega328
Operating Voltage5V
Input Voltage (recommended)7-12V
Input Voltage (limits)6-20V
Digital I/O Pins14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins6
DC Current per I/O Pin40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin50 mA
Flash Memory32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed16 MHz

Courtesy: arduino.cc

Other Reference Links for this Board Digital iVision Labs Recommend You to go through are:


How Transistors Can Be Used - An Incomplete Iist

Transistors, one of the most common electronics component you came across. It is in use inside almost every electronics item, your computer, your television, your washing machines, your little TV or AC remotes or even your Cars. Well isn't that astonishing, a small device, which has so many uses. From its evelopment in the early 1950s, the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper things.

But why its used so much? 

Its because the different application it supports. It is a very versatile electronic component, that can act in many possible modes & ways. That is why over the years it has been in use, and in future it will continue to lead the market.

Transistor- Front & Back View
Transistor- Front & Back View

The main operation it perform, or how this transistors are used:-

As a Switch

This type of operation is common in digital circuits where only "on" (1) and "off" (0) values are relevant. Actually after coming of transistors the digital electronics was on the rise. Even today the processor manufacturers gives the transistor count of their device in their devices. And the switching action performed in the processor stil performed by the tiny transistors in them.

As an Amplifier

The transistor may be used as a current, voltage, or power amplifier. For instance, a stronger signal current, may be obtained from a transistor than is fed into it. A signal of 1 milliampere fed into the input circuit of the transistor may appear as 20 milliamperes at its output, and depend on the transistor specification. Various circuit arrangements provide for various amounts of signal amplification. From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are now common and relatively inexpensive.

As an Oscillator

A transistor may be used to convert direct-current energy into alternating-current energy ; that is simply, using it as an oscillator. When functioning in this manner, the transistor draws energy from a dc source and, in conjunction with a suitable circuit arrangement, generates a suitable ac voltage waveform. Transistor oscillator circuits are cheap alternative to crystal oscillator, and is being used in electronics watches.


As a Modulator & Demodulator

The transistor used in various circuit arrangements can provide amplitude modulation (AM)(variation in amplitude of an rf signal)  or frequency modulation(FM) (variation in frequency of an rf signal). Demodulation of amplitude-modulated (AM) signals  or frequency modulated (FM) signal  may be done through transistors. Thus they offer another low cost application.  

For Shaping The Waveform

A transistor can also be used to reshape the wave forms. Wave form shaping is vital in its use in radar, Teletype, & various other digital circuits. Like the use of the transistor in transforming a sine wave into a square wave, just by the use of transistor circuit as a clipper of the waveform


Embedded Systems And Arduino - A Perfect Combination To Start With

Just Imagine, 5 year ago Learning Embedded System design was feared by many Engineering/Technical student. That was the time, when Arduino was little known in India or haven't arrived in the quantity it is now, & the stores which were having the stock of it, was charging much more than it actually cost. Now the term 'Arduino' is no longer new to anyone who have even the least exposure to Embedded Systems. And the abundancy it is available now, has really changed the learning experience of every Engineering/Technology Student.
Arduino Type Lilypad
Arduino Type Lilypad
But why Arduino is preferred by many new Embedded System Desiners?
-It is Open Source, as you can easily get the schematic, libraries & every other source code easily
-User can later on develop their own version of (clone) Arduino
-The less amount of effort the developers have put to learn the programming of it.
-The robustness of hardware, seen through the static free & destruction-less design.
-The PCB design in terms compactness.
-Programming of Arduino board through its IDE without the need for any extra programmer,
-The built in USB serial interface
-Integrated serial monitor
-Extensive library support available

The library support of Arduino I feel is the most extensive, as compared to any other micro-controller board available in the market. The main reason behind it is being Open Source. The GLCD library is one of the best example of extensively written library. GLCD library save nearly 2000 lines of code, when using GLCD functions.

The main thing while working with Arduino, you don't feel like working on a hardcore Embedded Design problem. But the same thing done by other MCU broads can be easily done through it. It is because this ease of work, it is not only popular among the technical students but also the hobbiest who can develop many application for their home & workplace to help them in their daily work like automatic irrigation systems, door alarm etc.

The thing which impressed me a lot, is the easy process of writing our own Library file. It was the easiest thing, I have ever experienced. Just 3-4 steps you have to follow, and your library is ready for use. After it is ready feel free to upload in the Arduino Community or Github to get appreciated by other Arduino Enthusiasts.

Suppose during solving a problem, if you are totally lost, and don't find any way to handle it. Yes, there is a huge community out there that can help you at any point! If you are lucky they will help you, in solving that problem related to interfacing or programming. And later on after gaining much experience in this, you will also able to help other users & earn a name of yourself.

Embedded System is not about mastering the use of a platform, but understanding the basic concepts of any controller, just by going through its datasheet & other documentation.One thing I will tell you through my experience that, if you are able to work with any of the micro-controller board, you can easily work & learn other micro-controller board.

Arduino is definitely something you should learn to work with. Trust me Learning the Embedded System Development through Arduino, is just full of fun! Just go for it!

Transfer Your Android Mobile Phone Data, wirelessly to PC using Wi Fi

These Android apps will allow you to transfer your data of your mobile phone to your PC without any data cable. If  you are lazy to connect the cable or if you don't have the data cable than it's a perfect solution for you. Yes Bluetooth & infrared wireless technology is there, but they are very slow, and it will take much time to transfer file through them. So why we don't look at the other way, that is much faster. Another way will be the cloud storage transfer, but that will require a large data bandwidth. But the  android apps we are talking about utilize the WIFI technology to transfer your file between your PC and Smartphone. The app list goes like this ( here we have shown the top 3 apps available, that works)

1. WiFi File Transfer by smarterDroid

wifi file transfer wifi file transfer
wifi file transfer

wifi file transfer chrome window
WiFi File Transfer lets you upload and download files to/from your phone or tablet over a wireless connection. Easy-to-use web interface, no USB cable needed.
This app has got till now an average rating of 4.5 from the android community, with near to 9000 reviews, so it is highly recommended.

FEATURES
• Upload or download multiple files at once
• Upload entire folder structures (Google Chrome only)
• Delete, rename, copy, zip or unzip files using the built-in file manager interface
• Password authentication (optional)
• Shortcuts to photo, video and music directories
• Runs as a background service
• View photos directly in your web browser (integrated thumbnail gallery)
• Autostart service when connected to home network (optional)
• Provides access to external SD cards and USB storage devices
• Works while the device is in hotspot mode

NOTE
• In order to use this app, your computer and your phone need to be on the same local area (or wlan) network.
• If you would like to use this app on public WiFi networks, please make sure to set an access password in the app settings.
• If you're using WiFi File Transfer alongside other server apps such as WebSharing or Kies Air, make sure they do not use the same port number.

LIMITATIONS
• The free version cannot upload files larger than 5 MB. Everything else works 100%.
 The paid version is available for Rs 59 or near to 1$/


2. WiFi File Transfer for Phone by GreenCube Network Computing

TAP Wifi file transfer
TAP Wifi file transfer

* TapPouch allows you to directly transfer unlimited files and folders to your friend's phone that is connected to the same WiFi network.
* No log-in, no ftp/ip address needed for direct files/folders transfer.
* Easy browsing & quick file search: audio, photo, video and document folders directly.
* Handy file manager functions to handle tons of files with detailed view.
* To send unlimited files or folders to your friend, just select them from media or folder categories and tap 'share' button, which generates one-time-only-use 6-digit "Share Key" on your phone.
* To get files from your friend, just check that newly-generated 6-digit 'Share Key' on his/her phone, and enter that number in your TapPouch phone screen. That simple!
* Easy browsing & quick file search: audio, photo, video and document folders directly.
* Handy file manager functions to handle tons of files with detailed view.**TapPouch features:
1. All-in-one Contents Share & Manage Function
- You can share whatever you have on your smartphone without any size limit, while managing thousands of files simple & quick. Once you experience WiFi File Share Master, TapPouch, you don’t have to bother yourself with any other complicated application.
2. Phone-to-Phone WiFi Real Time File Sharing
- Simply share what you have on your smartphone with friends, family and colleagues in the same WiFi zone! No need to key in any ftp or ip address any more!
3. Multi-File Transfer Without Repetitive Selecting Action
- Tired of sharing files one-by-one only? You can directly transfer any size of file bunch into your friend's smartphone. Let's be simple & fun to share!
4. Quick Contents Search with Fast File Display & Folder Grouping
- Lost in your folder with hundreds of music files? With TapPouch, all you have to do is browse through different view page with only a few scrolls!
5. Easy-to-Use & Powerful-to-Execute File Manager
- TapPouch is an all-in-one file management gadget for every user levels. Just tap your phone and enjoy what you have on your smartphone right now!
6. One-Time-Only Key Generating Privacy Protection
- Don't worry about your privacy! TapPouch generates a one-time-use-only 'Share Key' for each sharing event. Simply key-in a unique 'Share Key' shown on a friend's phone to share dozens of files or folders with one tap only!

This app has a average rating of 4, with 558 user reviews.

3. Fast File Transfer by Florian Draschbacher

 
Fast File Transfer

Fast File Transfer
Finally even older devices can send files at speeds like Wi-Fi Direct!
Fast File Transfer is an alternative for Bluetooth file sending.
The app uses Wi-Fi Tethering for establishing a connection between the devices but does not need the Internet.
Due to its high speed, this technology is especially recommended for sending big files.
Features:
• Up to 20x speed of bluetooth
• Easy to setup
• The receiver is device-independent
• No need for a common Wi-Fi connection
• No data usage for file transfer (Just for advertisements)
• The receiver does not have to have the app installed
• Send single or multiple files
• Displays QR codes for faster receiving
Just tap the instruction image
• Use NFC for pairing (in beta stage)
Using this app, you can easily send a file to an iPhone or any other phone that does not have Bluetooth but Wi-Fi.

Simply tap "Share via" in any file exlorer or in the gallery app, choose this app and follow the on-screen instructions.
How to send multiple files?
Just select multiple files in your file explorer and tap "Send via" (or similar) -> "Fast File Transfer"
In some file explorers first tap "Send via" in the menu, choose this app and then your files.
I don't want to always enter the address on the receiver's phone!
Use the built-in QR codes or
Save a bookmark:
Send multiple files once and add a bookmark to the file index page in your web browser. Later just open this bookmark to receive files.
Where can I change the password and username?
Open the app from the launcher. The instruction screen will appear. Now press the menu button and choose "Settings".

PLEASE NOTE:
This app might not run on some phones due to restrictions of manufacturers or carriers that make it impossible for the app to access WiFi tethering.
The app does not work on:
Motorola Razr XT910 (Restarts phone; Problem in Motorola's Android implementation)
Motorola Razr XT890
HTC One X
HTC One S
HTC EVO 3D X515m
Some Galaxy Y devices
Devices that don't have WiFi Tethering setting, such as the Nexus 7


The transfer speed this app offers depends on the sender and receiver device. The highest value  measured is 33 Mbit/s which means 1 GB in under 5 minutes.

This app has an average rating of 4.4, with a total of 884 reviews.

How to Rename Recycle Bin & My Computer in Windows

How to Rename Recycle Bin & My Computer in Windows

You might be wondering, that you are able to rename almost every folder and file in the computer system. But why not our good old Recycle Bin & My Computer. The truth is, we can! Just follow the below instructions.

You must be logged on as an administrator or a member of the Administrators group in order to complete this procedure. And do a backup of your Registry before trying this, to avoid any risk of data loss.
**Try at your own RISK**

In order to Rename Recycle Bin.

1. Open Run dialog window , and type "regedit". [without quotes]

2. Browse through the location in Registry Editor,
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT/CLSID/{645FF040-5081-101B-9F08-00AA002F954E}

 
3. Double Click on "(Default)" registry entry and change the name "Recycle Bin" to whatever you want (don’t type any quotes).

Renaming Recycle Bin In Windows
Renaming Recycle Bin In Windows

In order to Rename My Computer ( The Procedure Is Similar To Previous One ).

1. Open Run dialog window , and type "regedit". [without quotes]

2. Browse through the location in Registry Editor,
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT/CLSID/{
20D04FE0-3AEA-1069-A2D8-08002B30309D}
 
3. Double Click on "(Default)" registry entry and change the name "Computer" or "My Computer" to whatever you want (don’t type any quotes).

 
Renaming The My Computer in Windows
Renaming The My Computer in Windows
Posted in section OS Tweaks http://www.divilabs.com