tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-34216966806203843482024-03-04T21:43:52.393-08:00Digital iVision Labs!Promoting Deeper Understanding.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger209125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-58759798440955846232018-01-03T11:23:00.000-08:002018-01-04T07:45:37.732-08:00Envelope Detection (Implementation) using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT-IFFT) (Analytic Signal)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
What is an envelope?</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The envelope graphically is a curve which is obtained by joining the extremities of a signal in time domain. E.g. in the figure below.</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Upper Envelope of Amplitude modulated signal" border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv9rhOPao6cikxEEnyBrB710SN3L9MzYNIGdKbWIyx-Ov0VgFLNYAK0s_dZ5jK4vz4s4SmxK8oDdfaHK7kq-9F-faY7eCs553oiliZhPUOZEv4BM1HV5ych-SvcMedrZcZ10qcblgoju5n/s640/ED.jpg" title="Upper Envelope of Amplitude modulated signal" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Upper Envelope of Amplitude modulated signal</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ASignal_envelopes.png" rel="nofollow" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="By Brews ohare (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Signal envelopes" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Signal_envelopes.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Envelope of an arbitrarily high-frequency signal (courtesy: wikipedia.org)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Particularly the above figures represent the "peak envelope" of a signal.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In analog modulation (especially amplitude modulation) envelope detection is important since envelope of the received modulated signal is proportional to the message, which was modulated over the carrier at the transmitter end. This is done through a physical circuit consisting of a capacitor which tries follow the peaks of the input signal. Which is further smoothened through filtering.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The envelope detection can be performed using an analytical signal.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"> </span></span><br />
<br />
An analytic signal is a complex-valued function that has no negative frequency components. For a real-valued signal an analytic signal, consist the original function and its Hilbert transform.<br />
<br />
<br />
i.e., e = HT(s(t)) + s(t). (HT(s(t)) is the Hilbert Transform of signal s(t)).<br />
<br />
The basic idea of the analytical signal is that the negative frequency components of the Fourier transform (or spectrum) of a real-valued function are an alias of the positive frequency components, due to the Hermitian symmetry of such a spectrum. These negative frequency components can be discarded with no loss of information but result in a complex-valued function.<br />
For more equations and explanation involved for an analytical signal, please refer to this Wikipedia article:<br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_signal">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_signal</a><br />
<br />
<br />
The absolute value of this analytic signal in the time domain will give the envelope of the signal.<br />
i.e., (to understand it better, convert the analytic signal to polar form),<br />
envelope = |e|=sqrt(HT(s(t))^2 + s(t)^2)<br />
<br />
The MATLAB implementation envelope detector according to above theory using FFT and IFFT is as follows (Code in Bold): (I have taken the example signal to be amplitude modulated signal)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<b>clc</b><br />
<b>clear</b><br />
<b>close all</b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">Ac=2; </b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;">%carrier amplitude</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b>fc=0.5; </b>%carrier frequency</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b>Am=0.5; </b>%message signal amplitude</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"> </span><br />
<div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: #222222;"><b>fm=0.05; </b>%message signal frequency</span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"> <div>
<span style="color: #222222;">%The signal and carrier frequency is taken small for now, to make the response visible</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>Fs=100; </b>%sampling rate/frequency</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>ka=0.5; </b>%modulation coefficient</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>t=[0:0.1:100]; </b>%defining the time range & disseminating it into samples</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>ct=Ac*cos(2*pi*fc*t); </b>%defining the carrier signal wave</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>mt=Am*cos(2*pi*fm*t); </b>%defining the message signal</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>AM=ct.*(1+ka*mt); </b>%Amplitude Modulated wave, according to definition</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>plot(AM, 'b');</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>hold on;</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>N = length(AM);</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>X = fft(AM,N); </b>% Find FFT of the Amplitude Modulated Signal</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;">%Assuming there is a symmetry in spectrum we will fold and add the spectrum</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;">%creating a new analytical signal and pad zeros to maintain N point FFT size</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>if(rem(N,2)==0)</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b> envelope = ifft([zeros(1,N/2-1) X(1) 2*X(2:N/2) X(N/2+1) ],N);</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>else</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b> envelope = ifft([zeros(1,(N+1)/2) X(1) 2*X(2:N/2) X((N+1)/2) ],N);</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>end</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;">%we use 2*X(2:N/2) since by folding and adding through f=0 (i.e., X(1)) we</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;">%get double the amplitude</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>plot(abs(envelope), 'r');</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;">%Upper envelope</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>plot(-abs(envelope), 'k');</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;">%Lower envelope</span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>xlabel('Sample Index')</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>ylabel('Amplitude')</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>axis('tight')</b></span></div>
<div>
<span style="color: #222222;"><b>hold off</b></span></div>
<div style="color: #222222; font-family: inherit;">
<br /></div>
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"> Result:</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Envelope detector implementation using FFT-IFFT, utilizing the concept of analytic function." border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmw8JdRNbD68fGdRSY648m7PGrkI1UZqTRNp0JbG4ETNDI9BV-f9OWdwVsDJUdIugrotxjOSEamfuI00ZS_TdYjh5v5MQ8Yvx4aHbdj_LzG-xzTQsqt7DF5NfrhTRtLIlhZdiFcDNN__Rk/s640/ED_bothside.jpg" title="Envelope detector implementation using FFT-IFFT, utilizing the concept of analytic function." width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Envelope detector implementation using FFT-IFFT, utilizing the concept of analytic function.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><b>NOTE: </b>If the signal is having non zero mean. Then this code might not seems to work. In that case you just take the mean of the signal and subtract from the original signal and proceed with the above code.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
Have you got another idea with this code or Envelope detection? You can share, in the comment section!<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Author:</b> Vibhutesh Kumar Singh<br />
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Like to write about MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Finished up M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, now doing PhD in wireless communication with prominent researchers, University College Dublin (CONNECT CENTRE). Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com to ask something about the article or Follow him at...</b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-65696980897351931862017-12-01T15:29:00.001-08:002019-04-04T06:35:11.914-07:00Template Matching in Grayscale/RGB image through Normalized Phase Correlation in MATLAB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In image processing, Template Matching is a technique to match a smaller portion of an image with a template image. Or in other words, a technique to find areas in the larger image that match a smaller (template) image.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2OnShjGfEiM/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2OnShjGfEiM?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
So why template matching is generally used? For example in a product assembly line, if some of the product after visibly scanning is not matching with a good sample (template of a good sample product) then it could be automatically discarded. An example is above.<br />
<br />
Thus whenever our application needs to match a portion of the image with a reference image to judge its quality/location in a bigger image we need template matching.<br />
<br />
Why phase correlation for template matching?<br />
This method is generally fast, accurate, resilient to noise and can withstand the rotation as well as translation of the template within the image!<br />
For more theoretical info. about this method please refer the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_correlation" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Wikipedia article</a>.<br />
<br />
In our experiment: following is the image in which we will be searching for the template. The following code although tested for a grayscale image but it can work well even for a true-color image as well.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkEuK3bCjPICNaLMl2N3iJXqy1CS9oZexfCMp96AdntAY6E1TQuKPzxxk7hRf9guJ2CO8k186WizcWJCC5K_kE2eoh0SLcqS90u_N__ecJeOpQ1O1DV7ZQB716NgOr5OZFaff6CGhYGop/s1600/orig.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Image to match with template (image.jpg in the code)" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxkEuK3bCjPICNaLMl2N3iJXqy1CS9oZexfCMp96AdntAY6E1TQuKPzxxk7hRf9guJ2CO8k186WizcWJCC5K_kE2eoh0SLcqS90u_N__ecJeOpQ1O1DV7ZQB716NgOr5OZFaff6CGhYGop/s1600/orig.png" title="Image to match with template (image.jpg in the code)" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Image to match with template (save it as image.jpg <span style="font-size: 12.8px;">for using it</span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"> in the code)</span><br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Template Image:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGyt-oJPpLDRmN2zmtU50UtfVUupPjEygsqGyIdlO8Q-tdEEqxUGwLD477nSusnirlIGlKP5bnuyzggLMbTUGi7UxFJkQw7QxpEVYzRDe6ZxyUdcodkJTaAnxr6YuegOWkNGds_sF8W_wd/s1600/pattern.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Template image (template.jpg in the code)" border="0" data-original-height="63" data-original-width="78" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGyt-oJPpLDRmN2zmtU50UtfVUupPjEygsqGyIdlO8Q-tdEEqxUGwLD477nSusnirlIGlKP5bnuyzggLMbTUGi7UxFJkQw7QxpEVYzRDe6ZxyUdcodkJTaAnxr6YuegOWkNGds_sF8W_wd/s1600/pattern.jpg" title="Template image (template.jpg in the code)" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Template image (save it as template.jpg for using it in the code)<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
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</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<b><u>MATLAB Code for Template Matching in Grayscale/RGB image through Normalized Phase Correlation</u></b><br />
<b>% comment in Bold</b><br />
<b>% This code provides 2 options to template match i.e., in frequency domain</b><br />
<b>% through normalized phase correlation. Normxcorr2 is included to act as a benchmark</b><br />
<b>% for speed and accuracy for both these methods. At the end of the code the</b><br />
<b>% execution time of processing is also displayed</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>%% Initial Console/Memory cleaning operations</b><br />
<br />
clc<br />
clear<br />
close all<br />
warning off<br />
<br />
<b>%% Options</b><br />
disp('[1] Frequency Domain Processing through Normalized Phase Correlation- Can withstand tonal mismatch, translation, occlusion)(Fastest)');<br />
disp('[2] Normalized Correlation (Matlab Function)- To act as a benchmark for execution time and accuracy ) (Meduium fast)');<br />
option = input('Enter option[1 or 2]:');<br />
<b>%% Loading Images to be processed</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>%if images in working directory: give just full image name with extension</b><br />
<b>%if not in the working directory: provide the full path of the image file.</b><br />
<br />
im2process_orig = imread('image.jpg');<br />
<br />
<b>%image which is to be placed on the parent image</b><br />
im2match_orig = imread('template.jpg');<br />
<b>% image of whose pattern to be matched on the parent image</b><br />
<b>% uncomment below if wanted to extract an image portion from the original image to create a new matching template.</b><br />
<b>% im2match_orig = imcrop(im2process_orig, [100 250 size(im2paste,1)-1 size(im2paste,2)-1]);</b><br />
<br />
if(size(im2process_orig,1)<size(im2match_orig,1)||size(im2process_orig,1)<size(im2match_orig,1))<br />
disp('The size of the template should be smaller than the image! Please try again after correcting this!');<br />
return;<br />
end<br />
<b>%checking for precondition (size of template < size of image)</b><br />
<br />
offset_row=0;<br />
offset_col=0;<br />
<b>%above are the coordinates correction offset introduced by the method</b><br />
<br />
subplot(3,3,[1,2,3,4,5,6])<br />
imshow(im2process_orig); title('Parent image')<br />
hold on<br />
subplot(3,3,7)<br />
imshow(im2match_orig); title('Image pattern to find')<br />
<b>%for showing the loaded image</b><br />
disp('Step 1/5 completed successfully!')<br />
<b>%% Ensuring we get a grayscale image to process</b><br />
<br />
if(size(im2process_orig,3)>1)<br />
im2process = rgb2gray(im2process_orig);<br />
else<br />
im2process = im2process_orig;<br />
end<br />
<b>%rgb2gray works as: intensity = 0.2989*red + 0.5870*green + 0.1140*blue</b><br />
if(size(im2match_orig,3)>1)<br />
im2match = rgb2gray(im2match_orig);<br />
else<br />
im2match = im2match_orig;<br />
end<br />
<br />
<b>%filtering the template image with an adaptive filter of smallest kernel</b><br />
<b>%size to smoothen out any noise</b><br />
<b>%im2match = wiener2(im2match,[2 2]);</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>%grayscale domain represents luminance and since luminance is by far more</b><br />
<b>%important in distinguishing visual features we generally process image in</b><br />
<b>%grayscale domain</b><br />
disp('Step 2/5 completed successfully!')<br />
tic<br />
<b>%% Constructing a correlation-matrix between images</b><br />
if option ==2<br />
corr_matrix = normxcorr2(im2match_orig,im2process);<br />
<b>%normalised correlation introduce some offset in the detection point</b><br />
<b> %that is needed to be corrected, normxcorr2 is a time optimised method</b><br />
<b> %of mormalized correlation but it is slower that Phase correlation.</b><br />
<b> </b>offset_row=size(im2match_orig,1);<br />
offset_col=size(im2match_orig,2);<br />
elseif option ==1<br />
<br />
fft_parent = fft2((im2process));<br />
<b>%FFT of parent image</b><br />
<b> </b>fft_match = fft2((im2match), size(im2process,1), size(im2process,2));<br />
<b>%the above statements will automatically pad the template matrix with zeros</b><br />
<b> %and make it equal in size of image to process. This zero padding is</b><br />
<b> %also require to reduce the edge effects</b><br />
<b> </b>corr_matrix = real(ifft2(((fft_parent.*conj(fft_match))./abs(fft_parent.*conj(fft_match)))));<br />
<b>%corr_matrix contains the ifft of normalised cross correlation of</b><br />
<b> %template and image of whose the maximum value will give the coordinates</b><br />
<b> %of matched template</b><br />
<br />
else<br />
disp('Wrong Choice! Try Again!');<br />
return;<br />
end<br />
disp('Step 3/5 completed successfully!')<br />
<b>%finding the maximum value of correlation coefficient and its index</b><br />
n_peak=10;<br />
peak_sum=zeros(1,n_peak);<br />
row=zeros(1,n_peak);<br />
col=zeros(1,n_peak);<br />
<br />
[~,I] = max(corr_matrix(:));<br />
[row(1), col(1)] = ind2sub(size(corr_matrix),I);<br />
if ((row(1)>1 && row(1)<size(im2process,1)) && (col(1)>1 && col(1)<size(im2process,2)))<br />
peak_sum(1)=mean(corr_matrix(row(1), col(1)) + corr_matrix(row(1)-1, col(1)-1) + corr_matrix(row(1)-1, col(1)) + corr_matrix(row(1)-1, col(1)+1) + ...<br />
corr_matrix(row(1), col(1)-1) + corr_matrix(row(1), col(1)) + corr_matrix(row(1), col(1)+1) + ...<br />
corr_matrix(row(1)+1, col(1)-1) + corr_matrix(row(1)+1, col(1)) + corr_matrix(row(1)+1, col(1)+1));<br />
end<br />
<b>%this averaging will ensure that the detected peak is a desired detection</b><br />
<b>%works on a logic that due to noise we could get an abrupt peak in cross</b><br />
<b>%correlation matrix but the neighbouring points around the peak will also</b><br />
<b>%have weights which when averaged would be higher for the actual match</b><br />
<br />
for l=2:n_peak<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>[~,I] = max(corr_matrix(:));<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>[row(l), col(l)] = ind2sub(size(corr_matrix),I);<br />
<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>if ((row(l)>1 && row(l)<size(im2process,1)) && (col(l)>1 && col(l)<size(im2process,2)))<br />
<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>peak_sum(l)=mean(corr_matrix(row(l), col(l)) + corr_matrix(row(l)-1, col(l)-1) + corr_matrix(row(l)-1, col(l)) + corr_matrix(row(l)-1, col(l)+1) + ...<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>corr_matrix(row(l), col(l)-1) + corr_matrix(row(l), col(l)) + corr_matrix(row(l), col(l)+1) + ...<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>corr_matrix(row(l)+1, col(l)-1) + corr_matrix(row(l)+1, col(l)) + corr_matrix(row(l)+1, col(l)+1));<br />
<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>corr_matrix(row(l), col(l))=0;<br />
<br />
end<br />
<b>%this averaging will ensure that the detected peak is a desired detection</b><br />
<b>%works on a logic that due to noise we could get an abrupt peak in cross</b><br />
<b>%correlation matrix but the neighboring points around the peak will also</b><br />
<b>%have weights which when averaged would be higher for the actual match</b><br />
end<br />
[~,max_corrval]=max(peak_sum(:));<br />
<br />
row_f=row(max_corrval)-offset_row;<br />
col_f=col(max_corrval)-offset_col;<br />
<b>%% Display the pattern matching result on parent/original image</b><br />
<br />
figure;<br />
imshow(im2process_orig); hold on;<br />
rectangle('Position', [col_f row_f size(im2match,2) size(im2match,1)], 'EdgeColor', [1 0 0]);<br />
title('Pattern matching result (red rectangle)')<br />
disp('Step 4/5 completed successfully!')<br />
<b>%% Display the processed image-after replacing the matched portion</b><br />
<br />
disp('Step 5/5 completed successfully!')<br />
toc<br />
<br />
<b>%toc will display the elapsed time of the also to proceed.</b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEXfbRcCy9sc8blPo4nWVvCCZICjKNtAPYYdpfwsqGGemExszUxDsBH0fMO8bynHrf7v0WoCEMPfnMJ3o03BavzXsoPtOORIY56oguj32qk3VQFXHL8DUmqhLfvAx59YEqaf4gAqpkSgE/s1600/Capture.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="649" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnEXfbRcCy9sc8blPo4nWVvCCZICjKNtAPYYdpfwsqGGemExszUxDsBH0fMO8bynHrf7v0WoCEMPfnMJ3o03BavzXsoPtOORIY56oguj32qk3VQFXHL8DUmqhLfvAx59YEqaf4gAqpkSgE/s1600/Capture.PNG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Result of above pattern matching using normalised phase correlation.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
The result of template matching with above code for normalized phase correlation:<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
Have you got a great idea with this code or with template matching in MATLAB? You can share with in the comments!<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Author:</b> Vibhutesh Kumar Singh<br />
<div class="author-wrap">
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Like to write about MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Finished up M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, now doing PhD in wireless communication with prominent researchers University College Dublin (CONNECT CENTRE). Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com to ask something about the article or Follow him at....</b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-78201243095061986792017-09-22T10:07:00.001-07:002017-09-22T10:08:07.428-07:00Taking a Screenshot (Screen Capture) using MATLAB Code<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
How you take a screenshot of your computer's screen till now?<br />
With the "Print Screen" key and then pasting the shot in Paint or Other software?<br />
Well, that's an old way now! You can use your MATLAB code to take a screenshot of the current screen.<br />
How?<br />
Using the Java's Robot Class function which can be imported in MATLAB.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="MATLAB with a figure window showing the screenshot of the current screen" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioXAI0zRnDkvKM0UQrZFohuXtVkxnGIRhLgfMMjPRlK0zzjKivsKYStGelNBfBoBcb44z3JbUYPYeMP4K5fTV32laYdkBLBb1LGb9buJzUHJFCIiSfN80Aorbfg2iKOJBz4qTGH30pYAOd/s640/screenGrab.png" title="MATLAB with a figure window showing the screenshot of the current screen" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MATLAB with a figure window showing the screenshot of the current screen</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b>
<b>Here is the MATLAB code for doing a Screen Capture (Comments Bolded).....</b><br />
<br />
clc<br />
clear<br />
close all<br />
<br />
import java.awt.Robot;<br />
vks = Robot; <b>%Creating a Robot object</b><br />
<br />
import java.awt.Rectangle;<br />
rect = Rectangle; <b>%Creating a Rectangle object </b><br />
<br />
import java.awt.Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit;<br />
tool = getDefaultToolkit; <b>%Creating a Toolkit object</b><br />
<br />
screenDim = tool.getScreenSize; <b>%Getting the screen size</b><br />
<br />
width = screenDim.width; <b>%Width of screen</b><br />
height = screenDim.height; <b>%Height of screen</b><br />
<br />
rect.setRect(0, 0, width, height); <b>%Setting the size of screen capture</b><br />
<br />
screen = vks.createScreenCapture(rect); <b>%capturing the screen</b><br />
<br />
pixelsData = reshape(typecast(screen.getData.getDataStorage, 'uint8'), 4, width, height);<br />
<b>%Converting to 8 Bit data</b><br />
<br />
imgData = zeros([height,width,3],'uint8'); <b>%Create the image variable</b><br />
imgData(:,:,1) = transpose(reshape(pixelsData(3, :, :), width, height));<br />
imgData(:,:,2) = transpose(reshape(pixelsData(2, :, :), width, height));<br />
imgData(:,:,3) = transpose(reshape(pixelsData(1, :, :), width, height));<br />
<b>%Save image data B-G-R Plane wise</b><br />
<br />
imshow(imgData) <b>%Show the captured screenshot</b><br />
imwrite(imgData, 'ScreenCaptureMatlab.jpg'); <b>%Save the captured screenshot</b><br />
<b>%End of code</b><br />
<br />
Further, you can control the size of the screenshot with a slide modification in the above code! You can also introduce a finite delay between the start of the code and the screen capture step so that you can minimize MATLAB and open the window/screen of your choice.<br />
<br />
Have you got a great idea with this code or the Java Robot class in MATLAB? You can share in the comments!<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Author:</b> Vibhutesh Kumar Singh<br />
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Like to write about MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Finished up M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, now doing PhD in wireless communication with prominent researchers University College Dublin (CONNECT CENTRE). Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com to ask something about the article or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-89594527036024468042017-09-19T09:30:00.002-07:002017-09-19T09:39:09.832-07:00Access MATLAB in your Android/iOS based Mobile Phones/Tablets<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
MATLAB's Mobile application is available on Google Play and iOS App store. And thus it is now very easy to access the MATLAB interface on the go!<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="793" data-original-width="502" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8zHcSOrvxUGzQLIC168ixaEy2Cca-PnvzMXWY-w00gbzEaJkU8RdJtkicddwFj8VxYCo-3zGIEo8ch_D_yXNhv08evE9C3vtj9fyy3PoY-UqcdxApl8dbdcTZ-tSA0oJJck9ZF6ysvXD-/s400/matlab+mobile.png" width="252" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A screen grab from the configuring step of MATLAB Mobile app</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
It gives 2 option to work with.<br />
1. Connect remotely to your PC's MATLAB installation (Which would be more convenient if you want to access your files, perform heavy computations, and inside a private network like while roaming inside your university).<br />
2. Connect to Mathworks MATLAB Cloud service ( Convenient if you got a stable working internet connection and perform soft computation tasks-If you run computation extensive script you have to wait very long to see any output, this would be annoying in most of the cases). For this, you need a MathWorks account, not necessary to get a licence for using MATLAB functions.<br />
<br />
So what are the Features of this app?<br />
1. You can use the command window like interface to perform quick calculations.<br />
2. You can create, edit, save and run MATLAB script. Using MATLAB cloud option will let you save the files online!<br />
3. You will get some online file storage facility.<br />
<br />
In case you got a MATLAB's licence, then you can add that in the App which will give you an option to acquire and save the data from Mobile Phone's/Tablet's sensors! Also some additional space for use in MATLAB Cloud.<br />
<br />
<b>Connecting to MATLAB's Cloud:</b><br />
2 Step Process:<br />
1. Click on "Connect to MathWorks Cloud" button.<br />
2. Login with your Mathworks.com user id and password.<br />
<b><br /></b> <b>Connecting to Your PC's MATLAB:</b><br />
Assuming you are on a local network.<br />
<b>Configuring PC's MATLAB.</b><br />
1. Type the command in your PC's MATLAB Command Window: <b>connector on</b><br />
2. If it's the first run of this command then you need to specify an alphanumeric password for it.<br />
3. After specifying the password, press enter. You will get a Message like this.<br />
<br />
DNS name: DESKTOP-XYZ<br />
IP address: 192.168.xxx.xxx<br />
Use this link to test the MATLAB Connector:<br />
http://DESKTOP-XYZ:31415/<br />
<br />
If the test is successful, but MATLAB Mobile cannot connect,<br />
your computer might have multiple IP addresses. To determine<br />
the correct one, see Determining the DNS Name or IP Address of a Computer.<br />
4. In a web browser open the link: http://DESKTOP-XYZ:31415/<br />
If the connector service is successfully started. It will show the message:<br />
<h1>
<span style="font-size: small;">The connector service is running.</span></h1>
<b>Configuring MATLAB Mobile to access your PC's MATLAB Installation:</b><br />
1. Click on "<b>Connect to Your Computer</b>" button.<br />
2. Enter The IP-Address, Port as: 31415 and Password which you have specified.<br />
3. Enter a nick name of the PC. (Any name will work).<br />
3. Click on Connect.<br />
The connection will be done and you can now access your PC's MATLAB files as well as the files in the work folder.<br />
<br />
<br />
While running MATLAB App your device will not go automatically to sleep, unless you do it!<br />
<br />
<b>Disonnecting to Your PC's MATLAB:</b><br />
If you want to turn off the connection service type in the command: <b>connector off</b><br />
<b><br /></b>
With some limitations relating to MATLAB App installation, MATLAB Figure editing, this is indeed a handy tool for MATLAB users to begin with!<br />
<br />
<b>Author:</b> Vibhutesh Kumar Singh<br />
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Like to write about MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Finished up M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, now doing PhD in wireless communication with prominent researchers University College Dublin (CONNECT CENTRE). Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com to ask something about the article or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-9282170530428421992017-06-24T04:01:00.000-07:002017-06-24T04:09:24.210-07:00DotDot – A Universal Language for IOT by ZigBee<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
One of the biggest hurdles facing the spread of IoT technology is the lack of interoperability between devices from different vendors. To create a fully integrated IoT device network, we are forced to purchase equipment from a single source, that is, the same vendor instead of choosing an array of devices from any vendor ideal for the needs. </div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To address the problem described above, the ZigBee Alliance announced the DotDot, a universal language for IoT environment, making possible for smart devices to communicate with each other on any network. The President and CEO of ZigBee Alliance Tobin Richardson had this to say “DotDot represents the next chapter in the ZigBee alliance’s continued commitment to create and evolve open standards for the smart networks in our homes, businesses, and neighborhoods. The application layer that is the core language of ZigBee devices has driven significant growth in the IoT. Recognizing the opportunity to multiply that growth for members and the industry, market leaders within the Alliance have come together to transform it into a universal language for the IoT, making it available to everyone, everywhere, across their network of choice.”</div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Let’s look at the problem in more detail facing the IoT environment. The wireless connectivity layer for IoT devices differs from vendor to vendor. That makes it impossible for devices from different vendors to talk to each other even if they are on the same network or wireless technology such as IPv6, Bluetooth, Wireless, etc. Currently, the devices using different wireless connectivity layer can only talk to each other through a cloud platform which would require a lot of resources to develop and deploy. Thus, hardly anyone would go forward with it and will instead stick to a single vendor devices using same connectivity layer. When we are forced to make choices based on minimizing the associated development cost and time rather than working towards a more perfect solution, the result is more of often than not a let-down. But economics can’t be ignored in a real world and the right solution to address the problem would allow devices from multiple vendors to talk to each other without the problems associated with the current framework.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpYbgPizVWBUMIVODOE2b3__PDuLpi7dRNbQfx-kB4A0lWEr-wfhqlb0zBEeYWsEluuZrE_pD3dedwufgMKCL2y8NVTrjIxnHD52D8uTL4VRrpnCJicbFo-PYofkLhuAV1a341_bmCaW3Y/s1600/Temp.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="1156" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpYbgPizVWBUMIVODOE2b3__PDuLpi7dRNbQfx-kB4A0lWEr-wfhqlb0zBEeYWsEluuZrE_pD3dedwufgMKCL2y8NVTrjIxnHD52D8uTL4VRrpnCJicbFo-PYofkLhuAV1a341_bmCaW3Y/s640/Temp.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Protocol Stack for dotdot. (Courtsey: zigbee.org)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Now we will dive deeper into DotDot technology and how it would work. DotDot envisions a future of development environment where single application language would be applicable to multiple types of network. As can be seen from the image above, the network stack may differ but implementing DotDot would allow them to communicate with each other. Since ZigBee and Thread (belongs to Google) network stack are both based on IPv6 technologies, the DotDot protocol can be easily implemented on them. Going forward, other wireless networking technologies such Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Cellular, etc. and even wired technologies such as Ethernet could be integrated to allow development on those network stacks. To sum things up, DotDot is the utilization of ZigBee application objects and data models irrespective of the network.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
DotDot is a great first step to expedite the spread of IoT devices. But more needs to be done. ZigBee is not alone in trying to have a universal language. Others such as IOTivity from OCF (Open Connectivity Foundation) are striving to do the same. ZigBee is leading the pack as it already has an existing user base and is the first one of the starting line. But it promises to be a tough race with more players looking to join the fray in next few years. Only time will tell as to who ends up on the top.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Here’s a brief video on the DotDot:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/0kuwFuUXDeE/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0kuwFuUXDeE?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Information Source: http://www.zigbee.org<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Author : Abhishek Goyanka</b></div>
</div>
<div class="author-wrap">
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<div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;">
<img border="0" data-original-height="930" data-original-width="690" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGdTKCgtFkfssJ-BDU4wRQm4ndnyUdu_C_A0W6VWUxlZHdeVN2oszdXhEhlE391lmmAk_ltKvCtgQDHknKo71j_DNw_kgm9aIMRQHavsMgcXQxN2P52wUeP2irMxrHg9J09wlKTtxMEPP_/s200/19239470_1544578285573510_629506295_n.jpg" width="148" /></div>
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<b>Abhishek is currently working as an Engineer in the field of IoT and Embedded Systems. He received his Master's degree from Purdue University and Bachelor's degree from VIT University. He is budding entrepreneur and hopes to start his own venture in field of IoT. In his free time, he enjoys reading about technology, history, geopolitics and world affairs.</b></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-71684662710519123722017-05-05T05:13:00.001-07:002017-06-24T04:11:01.668-07:00BER and SER MATLAB Simulation of Non Square (Rectangular) Constellation QAM [8-QAM] in AWGN Channel<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is widely used in physical digital communication systems, such as WiFi enabled devices, etc. Generally, a square constellation of QAM is preferred, that is because these schemes are easy to Modulate and Demodulate. Any QAM constellation can be considered as a combination PAMs, i.e., both square and rectangular QAM can be thought as a combination of PAMs.<br />
According to a study, End-to-End Energy Modeling and Analysis of Long-Haul Coherent Transmission Systems, the error-rate performance of 8-QAM is close to that of 16-QAM (only about 0.5 dB better), but its data rate is only three-quarters that of 16-QAM. These effects can be seen in the code below, by further extending it to compare with other modulation scheme's BER.<br />
<br />
The constellation of the 8-QAM (considering gray mapping) in our scheme looks like. Same result of BER/SER will be obtained if the constellation is 90 Degree rotated about the origin (In the code I have done that).<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="8-QAM Constellation with Gray Mapping" border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBp7FzvP_RkxszikYt0h5zjp03t_8qF6yIMExuyNE1D4LmLZTIKr_cgFNlqLb9hrH8up712K4vIIoNi1yVT8p7byYEDpv5OgJJrGXvXAhn7fAO-5nouSSmQ8_gLq3HgAO6kOmsh2iq5SVh/s400/8QAM.png" title="8-QAM Constellation with Gray Mapping" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">8-QAM Constellation with Gray Mapping</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Then I have derived the theoretical SER expression in terms of Q-Functions, which is given below. (Click to expand the derivation)<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWuOJljHVE_RUhP-5r7_g4Q2piDICIMAsfVwxgJHzetFGfQxWp6MZ9C8QZ0KJb2xFVrAzF_4xDO5tixBaf3rbBJhEqPMNP28XpCuEop9M9hsf3I_MUro6oOgUo_ETz03vQblkW-DRrHCJ/s1600/8QAMSER.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Derivation is 8-QAM Probability of Symbol Error" border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuWuOJljHVE_RUhP-5r7_g4Q2piDICIMAsfVwxgJHzetFGfQxWp6MZ9C8QZ0KJb2xFVrAzF_4xDO5tixBaf3rbBJhEqPMNP28XpCuEop9M9hsf3I_MUro6oOgUo_ETz03vQblkW-DRrHCJ/s640/8QAMSER.png" title="Derivation is 8-QAM Probability of Symbol Error" width="435" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Derivation is 8-QAM Probability of Symbol Error</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<u>Now in the MATLAB code (below-bolded) of 8-QAM I have simulated BER and SER curve. Additionally Constellation is also plotted.</u><br />
<br />
<b class="">clc</b><br />
<b>clear</b><br />
<b>close all</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>nbits=3e7; </b>% No. of bits to be generated<br />
<b>M=8; </b>% for M-ary modulation scheme<br />
<b>nBitsPerSym = log2(M); </b>% Bits per symbol<br />
<b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> % For 8-QAM<br />
<b>map=[-1+3j,-1+1j,-1-3j,-1-1j,1+3j,1+1j,1-3j,1-1j]; </b>% Gray Coded Mapping<br />
<b><br /></b> <b>figure</b><br />
<b>plot(real(map),imag(map),'r*');</b><br />
<b>title('Constellation diagram for Transmitted Symbols');</b><br />
<b>xlabel('Inphase component');</b><br />
<b>ylabel('Quadrature component');</b><br />
<b>axis([-3 3 -3 3]);</b><br />
<b>sym_map =sqrt(1/6)*map; </b><br />
% Normalizing the constellation with its Avg. Symbol Energy<br />
<b>refI = real(sym_map);</b><br />
<b>refQ = imag(sym_map);</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>EsN0dB=0:18; % Es/N0 in dB scale</b><br />
<b>EbN0dB=EsN0dB-10*log10(nBitsPerSym); </b>% Eb/N0 in dB scale<br />
<b><br /></b> <b>simulatedBER = zeros(1,length(EbN0dB));</b><br />
<b>theoreticalBER = zeros(1,length(EbN0dB));</b><br />
<b>theoreticalSER = zeros(1,length(EbN0dB));</b><br />
<b>symbErrors = zeros(1,length(EbN0dB));</b><br />
<b>count=1;</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>for i=EbN0dB</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b> data_bits=double(rand(1,nbits)>=0.5); </b><br />
<b> </b>% Generating random bits<br />
<b>inputSymBin=reshape(data_bits,nBitsPerSym,[])'; </b><br />
<b> </b>% Reshaping to form symbol<br />
<b>b = inputSymBin*(2.^((nBitsPerSym-1):-1:0)).';</b><br />
<b> </b>% Converting bits to symbol<br />
<b>s=sym_map(b+1).'; </b><br />
<b> </b>%M-QAM Constellation mapping through Index Values<br />
<br />
<b> EbN0 = 10.^(i/10); %linear scale</b><br />
<b> EsN0 = 10.^(EsN0dB(count)/10); %linear scale</b><br />
<b> noiseSigma = sqrt(1./(2*nBitsPerSym*EbN0)); </b><br />
<b> </b> %Sigma for AWGN normalised per bit<br />
<b>n = noiseSigma*(randn(1,length(s))+1i*randn(1,length(s)))';</b><br />
<b> y = s + n; % AWGN addition to signal vector</b><br />
<b> </b><br />
<b> demodSymbols = zeros(1,length(y));</b><br />
<b> </b><br />
<b> for j=1:length(y)</b><br />
<b> [minVal,minindex]=min(sqrt((real(y(j))-refI(1,:)).^2+...</b><br />
<b> (imag(y(j))-refQ(1,:)).^2));</b><br />
<b> </b>%Finding the minimum Eucledian Distance<br />
<b>demodSymbols(j)=minindex-1;</b><br />
<b> end</b><br />
<b> </b><br />
<b> symbErrors_t=b.'-demodSymbols;</b><br />
<b> symbErrors(count)=sum(symbErrors_t(:)~=0)/(nbits/nBitsPerSym);</b><br />
<b> </b>% Simulation SER Calculation<br />
<br />
<b> demodBits=dec2bin(demodSymbols)-'0';</b><br />
<b> outputSymBin=reshape(demodBits.',1,[])';</b><br />
<b> </b>% Symbols to bits<br />
<br />
<b> bitErrors=sum(sum(xor(outputSymBin.',data_bits)));</b><br />
<b> simulatedBER(count) = bitErrors/nbits;</b><br />
<b> </b>% Simulation BER Calculation<br />
<br />
<b> theoreticalSER(count)=(5/2)*qfunc(sqrt(EsN0/3))-...</b><br />
<b> (3/2)*qfunc(sqrt(EsN0/3))*qfunc(sqrt(EsN0/3)); </b><br />
<b> </b>% Theoritical SER<br />
<br />
<b> count=count+1; % Index Update</b><br />
<b>end</b><br />
<b><br /></b> <b>figure;</b><br />
<b>semilogy(EbN0dB,simulatedBER,'r-*');hold on;</b><br />
<b>title('BER Vs Eb/N0 (dB) for 8-Ary Modulation');</b><br />
<b>legend('Simulated');</b><br />
<b>axis('tight');</b><br />
<b>grid on;</b><br />
<b>xlabel('Eb/N0 dB');</b><br />
<b>ylabel('BER - Bit Error Rate');</b><br />
<b>grid on;</b><br />
<b>figure;</b><br />
<b>semilogy(EsN0dB,symbErrors,'k-o');hold on;</b><br />
<b>semilogy(EsN0dB,theoreticalSER,'r-*');</b><br />
<b>title('SER Vs Es/N0 (dB) for 8-Ary Modulation');</b><br />
<b>legend('Simulated','Theoretical');</b><br />
<b>grid on;</b><br />
<b>xlabel('Es/N0 dB');</b><br />
<b>ylabel('SER - Symbol Error Rate');</b><br />
<b>grid on;</b><br />
% Code End<br />
<br />
<b><u>The above code furnishes the results as:</u></b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="SER vs Es/N0 for 8-QAM modulation scheme (The theoritical and simulation result matched for AWGN channel)" border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbOBP_t1m8Xad89S5D5MUq1gE-lC3WkGHDCDtN0veHC-JQ2aWA_xkR5pQ7YYGSBdIsqIL2OlwbkadgvPPPsfGhIihKMeyWLYQ1R8gHMsAgZ6IaQI_MNNgX4eO796cHRV1mQyBh5ipbAZsJ/s640/Assign1.jpg" title="SER vs Es/N0 for 8-QAM modulation scheme (The theoritical and simulation result matched for AWGN channel)" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SER vs Es/N0 for 8-QAM modulation scheme (The theoretical and simulation result matched for AWGN channel)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfU4qAfneWdO7G4Fedss2ESjIDsCX3F7lzh2xF-f7h0dq8Ph9x0o_P7tZHttDcTad2MxPxg1vKI-cTXoWrlCJ-PF5bBF7X-hCTGd-4UkbmDh8UC03v_rb-0HNqeYBfml8etv-EOgW_9Rdk/s640/assign2.jpg" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">BER vs Eb/N0 for 8-QAM modulation scheme (Only Simulation result for AWGN channel)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Author:</b> Vibhutesh Kumar Singh<br />
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Like to write about MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Finished up M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, now doing PhD in wireless communication with prominent researchers University College Dublin (CONNECT CENTRE). Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com to ask something about the article or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-74483824427788130242016-07-18T11:13:00.001-07:002016-07-18T23:16:11.252-07:00Smith Chart Using MATLAB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The Smith Chart is the graphical tool for solving the problems with transmission line in RF engineering. The Smith chart can be used to display different parameters like Impedance, Admittance, Reflection coefficient, Noise figure Circles, Stability etc.<br />
<br />
The Smith Chart is plotted on complex reflection coefficient plane in two dimension. It is scaled in normalized impedance/ admittance. Smith chart can be divided in sub categories like Z smith chart, Y smith chart, ZY smith chart.<br />
The following code plots the smith chart for you.<br />
<h3>
<u>MATLAB Code:</u></h3>
clear all;<br />
close all;<br />
clc; <br />
<br />
%% Real Circles<br />
for r = 0:0.2:10 % Decide the no of real circles<br />
a= (1/((1+r)));<br />
b=0;<br />
c=(r/(1+r));<br />
a0= (1/((1.*(sin(0.5.*(pi)))))); % for r=0;<br />
b0= cos((0.5*(pi)))./(1.*(sin(0.5*(pi)))); % for r=0 <br />
x= c-a:0.00002:c+a;<br />
y1= sqrt(a.^2 -(x-c).^2)-b;<br />
plot(real(x),real(y1),'Color',[0,0,0]); <br />
hold on;<br />
y2= -sqrt(a.^2 -(x-c).^2)-b;<br />
plot(real(x),real(y2),'Color',[0,0,0]);<br />
hold on;<br />
y3= sqrt(a.^2 -(x-c).^2)+b;<br />
plot(real(x),real(y3),'Color',[0,0,0]);<br />
hold on;<br />
y4= -sqrt(a.^2 -(x-c).^2)+b;<br />
plot(real(x),real(y4),'Color',[0,0,0]);<br />
hold on; <br />
end<br />
hold on;<br />
<br />
%% Imaginary circles<br />
for q= 0.1:0.2:10 % Decides the no of imaginary circles <br />
e= (1/(q));<br />
d= (1/(q));<br />
z=1-d : 0.00002: 1+d;<br />
y5= sqrt(d.^2- (z-1).^2)+e;<br />
err=z.^2+(y5+b0).^2-a0.^2; %error function so that imaginary circle remains inside the real circles<br />
idx=find(err<=0);<br />
plot(real(z(idx)),real(y5(idx)),'Color',[0,0,0]);<br />
hold on;<br />
y6= -(sqrt(d.^2- (z-1).^2))+e;<br />
err=z.^2+(y6+b0).^2-a0.^2;<br />
idx2=find(err<=0);<br />
plot(real(z(idx2)),real(y6(idx2)),'Color',[0,0,0]);<br />
hold on;<br />
y7= sqrt(d.^2- (z-1).^2)-e;<br />
err=z.^2+(y7-b0).^2-a0.^2;<br />
idx3=find(err<=0);<br />
plot(real(z(idx3)),real(y7(idx3)),'Color',[0,0,0])<br />
hold on;<br />
y8= -(sqrt(d.^2- (z-1).^2))-e;<br />
err=z.^2+(y8-b0).^2-a0.^2;<br />
idx1=find(err<=0);<br />
plot(real(z(idx1)),real(y8(idx1)),'Color',[0,0,0]);<br />
hold on; <br />
title('Smith Chart');<br />
xlabel('Real');<br />
ylabel('Imag');<br />
end<br />
<br />
%% Central Line having infinite radius<br />
<br />
hold on;<br />
y=0;<br />
x=-sqrt(a0.^2-b0.^2): 0.001:sqrt(a0.^2-b0.^2);<br />
plot(x,y,'Color',[0,0,0]); % Draw the central straight line<br />
<br />
You can also download this code by your mathworks account using this link : <a href="http://in.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/58270-smith-chart">Smith-chart</a><br />
<br />
For more questions about the code/implementation you can comment or contact the author mentioned below. <br />
<br />
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Smith Chart</div>
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<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vijay Sharma</a>
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<b>The newest member at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, Arduino, & other Electronics stuffs! Just started PhD From IIIT Delhi, Drop a mail: vijays[at]iiitd.ac.in or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-16996749687596845772016-06-26T09:51:00.000-07:002016-06-26T09:51:38.845-07:00Writing a MATLAB virus.... (Please save all your work before Trying it!)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Just recently, I came in front of this method. Which will literally blow you mind (And your PC's RAM too). MATLAB is a resource heavy software, requires a lot of CPU computation power and RAM.<br />
Imagine, what will happen if 10 to 20 or even 100s of instances of MATLAB will be open at once in your computer system! It will call a disaster, possibly your system will crash (When I tried, I needed to Shut Down my system through the power button.)<br />
<br />
<b>How to create a simple MATLAB virus? Steps:</b><br />
<br />
(1). Write in a new script file the following line:<br />
<b>! matlab.<span class="me1">exe</span> &</b><br />
<br />
(2). Save the file with the name <b>"</b><span class="co1"><b>startup.m</b>", in the folder "</span><b><span class="co1">%userprofile%\documents\MATLAB\"</span></b><br />
<br />
<span class="co1">Here </span><span class="co1">%userprofile% is your user name in the computer system, which you are using.</span><b><span class="co1"><br /></span></b><br />
<br />
<b><span class="co1">DONE?</span></b><br />
<span class="co1"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="MATLAB Virus" border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAf9MbVluA0NyBl4LJ6BCjTCkYbNIHiGjY669JfkCWM8mWa4zmRuAKxcafIjDcBYsw57GZZVtBXO9gLhvGdPJmWtFAlNAbfRN9akizSiAvMHRjZ1uMAN05HEqbHEOQ7WhUscKG8bKVnygW/s640/Untitled.png" title="MATLAB Virus" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MATLAB Virus</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="co1"><br /></span>
<span class="co1"><b>Now Press the Run button!</b></span><br />
<br />
<span class="co1">Within a second you will see is something like this....... (If you are able to open task manager).</span><br />
<span class="co1"><br /></span>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Writing a MATLAB virus.... Multiple instances of MATLAB at once!" border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjon_UGVxdjL8e6dIT0XZ2GRWu6SnEW9IOzzpOhnV3l_4-fX-ZM-on4y1EW4BG5yC6u6jIRWKU7poTe62k4VxmBEFo_087QzYHlPvowpOt8phD07BIxD76rYlQVWd0RPZcDTbdWtQDHxsRS/s640/Untitled1.png" title="Writing a MATLAB virus.... Multiple instances of MATLAB at once!" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Writing a MATLAB virus.... Multiple instances of MATLAB at once!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span class="co1"><br /></span>
<span class="co1">After this screenshot, my computer stopped responding and I need to Shut it Down through power button.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<b><span class="co1">What just happened?</span></b><br />
<span class="co1">As the first MATLAB instance calls another instance through the matlab.exe line code, the new instance executed the startup.m again, calling in recursion again and again a new instance of MATLAB.</span><br />
<br />
<span class="co1"><b>DISCLAIMER</b>: I don't intent any harm of your work/computer/anything, you will have to run this code at your risk. But please save your work before doing this.</span><br />
<span class="co1"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span class="co1"><b>How to undo it for next time?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span class="co1">Simply delete the startup.m file from </span><span class="co1">%userprofile%\documents\MATLAB\ </span></b></span><span class="co1"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>directory before you start again the MATLAB.</b></span></span>
<br />
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<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Like to write about MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just Finished up M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-3830057398801518472016-06-15T11:24:00.003-07:002016-06-26T09:51:14.486-07:00Using MATLAB as an Alternative Web Browser<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Yes, you read it right! MATLAB as a Web Browser.<br />
You can simply browse the internet over it, see the below examples.....<br />
<br />
Opening <b>www.facebook.com</b> in MATLAB.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Opening www.facebook.com in MATLAB" border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX_iYTJhG9uaEbcwTtzbHxbVQfmHokz_nJ-1adDZYFSMixfQlMtp_xJv64oQJznoh8fPIrRBq8igOQRQ5p6upmbuI7Vjn0piOQC8t7tXqO7oIwu6PtQF-4mTJ2u2cdRMGLrL2Q9T7xtLbA/s640/facebook.png" title="Opening www.facebook.com in MATLAB" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Opening www.facebook.com in MATLAB</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Opening <b>www.mathworks.com</b> in MATLAB. <br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Opening www.mathworks.com in MATLAB. " border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUr2YsgjcBG3fJ8WvrEznALiEaDwO1SEHYjGHHys8dpmykW4_3ykX5pROGdmm93B_d0AwlQ1liM61-8As9xaFKHfOhlO_bspGcYofixOg8hGGmGmAxl6g3a9At_9jEHI_vQNv4_K51u-av/s640/MATLAB+Browser.png" title="Opening www.mathworks.com in MATLAB. " width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Opening <b>www.mathworks.com</b> in MATLAB. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>So How to Browse?</b><br />
<br />
Type the following commands in Command Value or in a Script.<br />
<br />
<b>>> address='http://www.mathworks.com'</b><br />
<b>web(address)</b><br />
<br />
or simply<b> </b><br />
<b>web ('https://www.facebook.com');</b><br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Is an append of "http://" or "https://</b>" is necessary?<br />
No. Try even without them....it will work!<br />
<b>web ('www.facebook.com');</b><br />
<br />
<br />
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<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just Finished with M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-82628593523091575852016-05-21T10:53:00.000-07:002016-05-21T22:07:25.440-07:00Creating Karaoke of Music/Sound Using MATLAB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
We all are familiar with Karaoke. And if you own a computer system, in past at-least once you might have tried to create a Karaoke from it. You might have googled software for it. Some of which you have found, are open-source and some, shareware with limitations.<br />
<br />
But if you are a MATLAB coder why you want to do it all. Simply, do it MATLAB.<br />
<br />
Just a few concepts you need to know for creating Karaoke from normal music file and you are all set to code.<br />
<br />
For your information, There is no way to 100% remove the vocals from a song (Until and unless you are a DSP Engineer with passion to work with eerie details of finding the vocal frequencies and cutting them off). Accompaniment
tracks are made in the studio, and our often referred to as minus one
tracks because they are missing one track (in this case, the vocal
track). The only way you would be able to remove the vocal track from
the song entirely is if you have a multitrack version of the song, which
is unlikely.<br />
<br />
I am going to tell you a similar method:<br />
<br />
Here I have used a stereo Wave file (.wav) to extract the instrument sound, separating it from the audio.<br />
<br />
<b>Following MATLAB code does the same.</b><br />
<br />
<b>[file, path] = uigetfile('*.wav','Select a .wav file');<br />if file == 0<br /> return<br />end<br /><br />out_dir = uigetdir(cd,'Choose output folder');<br />if out_dir == 0<br /> return;<br />end<br /><br />[y,Fs,nbits]= wavread(file);<br /><br />if size(y,2) == 1<br /> msgbox('The selected file is Mono. This algorithm is applicable only for Stereo files.');<br /> return;<br />end<br /><br />fc=input('Enter Cutoff Frequency (HPF):');<br />fc=round(fc);<br />if fc > 20<br /> fp = fc+5;<br /> fs = fc/(Fs/2);<br /> fp = fp/(Fs/2);<br /> [n wn] = buttord(fp,fs,0.5,80);<br /> [b, a] = butter(5,wn,'High');<br /> channel_2 = filtfilt(b,a,y(:,2));<br />else<br /> channel_2 = y(:,2);<br />end<br /><br />karaoke_wav = y(:,1) - channel_2;<br /><br />%Write it to a file<br />[p name ext] = fileparts(file);<br /><br />if isdir(out_dir)<br /> wavwrite(karaoke_wav,Fs,nbits,[out_dir '\' name ext]);<br />else<br /> wavwrite(karaoke_wav,Fs,nbits,[cd '\' name ext]);<br />end</b><br />
%Apply and Enjoy.<br />
<br />
<b>NOTE:</b><br />
This code will first convert your stereo sound (.wav) file to mono file. Then try to apply a High Pass Filter on the resultant file.<b> </b><br />
<br />
<div class="beh-entry-author" style="text-align: justify;">
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<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-69719197387638883022016-03-04T21:40:00.000-08:002016-03-04T21:40:29.677-08:00Generate PDF, HTML, DOC file of your MATLAB code, figures, using MATLAB itself <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
MATLAB save to PDF, HTML, DOC. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Many times (almost every times, actually!) we use external methods or softwares to get our MATLAB code be converted to publish ready formats like, PDF, HTML or DOC. But MATLAB developers were smart enough, to provide some options so that a developer can export/publish his code into another format, which may be printer or web -friendly.</div>
That option in MATLAB is known by the name "publish" command.<br />
<br />
By default you can use the command like this:<br />
<b>publish('hello.m'); </b>%Here hello.m is the matlab file you want to publish <b><br /></b><br />
It will generate a HTML file inside a folder named "html" in the current working directory. The HTML file will have the same name as your MATLAB (.m) file is.<b></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
But there are many other formats too that MATLAB supports.<br />
Namely, PDF, DOC, XML, PPT, TEX & HTML being the default one.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>For creating a PDF file for your MATLAB code, use the command:</b><br />
<br /><b>publish('hello.m', 'pdf');</b><br />
<br />
<b>Similarly,</b><br />
<b>For DOC File,</b><br />
<b>publish('hello.m', 'doc');</b><br />
<br />
<b>For PPT FIle.</b><br />
<b>publish('hello.m', 'ppt') </b><br />
<b><br /></b>
Suppose in a scenario, you require to generate the report through a script in which you just want to get the location of the report with the file name, you need to just put a variable before giving the publish command.<b></b><br />
<b>x=publish('hello.m','html');</b><br />
Now the variable '<b>x</b>' will be a string variable, which contains value like this:<br />
<b>x =</b><br />
<b> C:\XYZ\html\hello.html</b><br />
<br />
If you want to control other parameters of the documents like, max height, width, max no. of lines etc. You can define a structure variable and pass on to the parameters of publish command with the file name.<br />
<b> </b><br />
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>op= struct('format','doc','outputDir','C:\XYZ', ...., ...., ...., 'Name', Value')</b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">See help for a detailed view of options.</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">And pass that like:</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>publish('hello.m',op);</b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>
</b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>
</b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><b>NOTE:</b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">If you are using Academic version of MATLAB, then there would be a watermark in your published file.<b> </b></span></pre>
<b> </b>
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-42340835258615330142016-01-26T06:25:00.000-08:002016-01-26T06:27:49.999-08:00Importing Excel Workbook/WorkSheet (XLS files) in MATLAB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At times we need to import Excel files in MATLAB, as they might be our data source. The data structure of XLS files are much like MATLAB itself, so MATLAB has got functionality for a direct import the content of these files as a variable.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In this example we have created a file named <b>matlab.xls</b>, which have got the following content, it contains data in sheet one only (Although these methods will be applicable for multiple sheets even).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 384px;"><colgroup><col span="6" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; width: 48pt;" width="64"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="right" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"><b>6</b></td>
<td align="right" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"><b>7</b></td>
<td align="right" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"><b>7</b></td>
<td align="right" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"><b>6</b></td>
<td align="right" style="width: 48pt;" width="64"><b>5</b></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"><b>2</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>6</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>6</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>3</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>4</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>4</b></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"><b>3</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>5</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>6</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>4</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>5</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>5</b></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"><b>4</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>5</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>6</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>3</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>3</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>4</b></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>2</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>3</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>4</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>5</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>6</b></td>
</tr>
<tr height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;">
<td align="right" height="20" style="height: 15.0pt;"><b>9</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>8</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>7</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>5</b></td>
<td align="right"><b>3</b></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 384px;"><tbody></tbody></table>
A 6x6 matrix.<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 384px;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 384px;"><tbody></tbody></table>
Now we will look at how to import this in MATLAB.<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 384px;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 384px;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 384px;"><tbody></tbody></table>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 384px;"><tbody></tbody></table>
1. <b>Drag and Drop in MATLAB's Workspace</b><br />
Just drag and drop your Excel (XLS) file in MATLAB<b>'s </b>workspace, and you will see an import window appearing in front of you. There you will get many options, that will let you choose how to import this data.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Importing XLS (Excel) file in MATLAB" border="0" height="334" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuwGxNCJ58RsQcK5d_WJpHMM-WLAWWEOOaQqwpkyaX_MJ8tjp-7yfQIwlrXTTbYeJXcNgVk6mhTeQvju-JR8GGJ5A2BYV6PL1pi3nZdWm7SUuaQJdum0TA-vgSGw3HhAcvv_7DT54IrlF/s640/dragndropxls.png" title="Importing XLS (Excel) file in MATLAB" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Importing XLS (Excel) file in MATLAB</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
2. <b>Through IMPORT DATA button in newer MATLAB versions</b><br />
Click on Import Data button, you will get a pop up window to browse your file to get imported.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Importing XLS (Excel) file in MATLAB" border="0" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKtkNjaAPgyG708nc2lLf3joRzwwq05kNPTo3U3YxPjGzZFtNT2Jgi299-s0Glg2gABZG6Mh1xDM49920m11pGMUlLWXCAeJVxSRSOsePxGFMLkqXouILCbX7fqlfsKQNVxoAiYmSvxPfs/s640/import+button.png" title="Importing XLS (Excel) file in MATLAB" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Importing XLS (Excel) file in MATLAB</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
3. <b>Through uiimport command </b><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Us the command like :<b> uiimport('C:\Users\x\Desktop\matlab.xls') </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">You will get a window popup so that you can select the data which you want to import..</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">4.<b> Using xlsread command</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Use the command like: <b>>> xlsread('C:\Users\x\Desktop\matlab.xls', 'Sheet1');</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">or in general, </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> xlsread(filename, sheetname);</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This function also let you to separate numeric data & string data using the syntax.<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">[ndata,sdata]=xlsread(filename, sheetname);</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;">The numeric data will be saved in the first variable ‘</span>ndata<span style="color: black;">’.</span></span></span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;">The strings will be saved in the second variable ‘</span>sdata’.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"></span></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-73256378961317205862015-12-04T22:45:00.001-08:002016-12-25T15:03:33.900-08:00Bit Error Ratio (BER) Curve for 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) OFDM for Rayleigh Channel <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
%<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">bit error ratio</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"> (also </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">BER</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26.25px;">%The delays associated with different signal paths in a multipath fading channel change in an unpredictable manner and can only be characterized statistically. When there are a large number of paths, the central limit theorem can be applied to model the time-variant impulse response of the channel as a complex-valued Gaussian random process. When the impulse response is modeled as a zeromean complex-valued Gaussian process, the channel is said to be a Rayleigh fading channel.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26.25px;"><br /></span></span>
<u><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26.25px;">MATLAB Code: </span></span></b></u><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "georgia"; font-size: 15px; line-height: 26.25px;"><br /></span></span>
close all<br />
clear all<br />
clc<br />
<br />
nbitpersym = 52; % number of bits per OFDM symbol (same as the number of subcarriers for BPSK)<br />
nsym = 10^4; % number of symbols<br />
len_fft = 64; % fft size<br />
sub_car = 52; % number of data subcarriers<br />
EbNo = 0:5:30;<br />
k=3;<br />
EsNo= EbNo + 10*log10(52/64)+ 10*log10(64/80)+ 10*log10(k); % symbol to noise ratio<br />
<br />
snr= EsNo - 10*log10(64/80); % snr as to be used by awgn fn.<br />
<br />
hh = modem.pskmod('M',2^k,'InputType','Bit','SymbolOrder','gray'); % modulation object<br />
<br />
% Generating data<br />
<br />
t_data=randi([0 1],nbitpersym*nsym*k,1);<br />
<br />
% modulating data<br />
<br />
mod_data = modulate(hh,t_data);<br />
<br />
% serial to parallel conversion<br />
<br />
par_data = reshape(mod_data,nbitpersym,nsym).';<br />
<br />
% pilot insertion<br />
<br />
pilot_ins_data=[zeros(nsym,6) par_data(:,[1:nbitpersym/2]) zeros(nsym,1) par_data(:,[nbitpersym/2+1:nbitpersym]) zeros(nsym,5)] ;<br />
<br />
% fourier transform time doamain data and normalizing the data<br />
<br />
IFFT_data = (64/sqrt(52))*ifft(fftshift(pilot_ins_data.')).';<br />
<br />
% addition cyclic prefix<br />
<br />
cylic_add_data = [IFFT_data(:,[49:64]) IFFT_data].';<br />
<br />
% parallel to serial coversion<br />
<br />
ser_data = reshape(cylic_add_data,80*nsym,1);<br />
<br />
% passing thru channel<br />
<br />
h=rayleighchan(1/10000,10);<br />
<br />
changain1=filter(h,ones(nsym*80,1));<br />
a=max(max(abs(changain1)));<br />
changain1=changain1./a;<br />
<br />
chan_data = changain1.*ser_data;<br />
no_of_error=[];<br />
ratio=[];<br />
<br />
for ii=1:length(snr)<br />
<br />
chan_awgn = awgn(chan_data,snr(ii),'measured'); % awgn addition<br />
<br />
chan_awgn =a* chan_awgn./changain1; % assuming ideal channel estimation<br />
<br />
ser_to_para = reshape(chan_awgn,80,nsym).'; % serial to parallel coversion<br />
<br />
cyclic_pre_rem = ser_to_para(:,[17:80]); %cyclic prefix removal<br />
<br />
FFT_recdata =(sqrt(52)/64)*fftshift(fft(cyclic_pre_rem.')).'; % freq domain transform<br />
<br />
% FFT_recdata = FFT_recdata./FFT_recdata1;<br />
<br />
rem_pilot = FFT_recdata (:,[6+[1:nbitpersym/2] 7+[nbitpersym/2+1:nbitpersym] ]); %pilot removal<br />
<br />
ser_data_1 = reshape(rem_pilot.',nbitpersym*nsym,1); % serial coversion<br />
<br />
% ser_data_1 = ser_data_1./abs(FFT_recdata1);<br />
<br />
z=modem.pskdemod('M',2^k,'OutputType','Bit','SymbolOrder','gray'); %demodulation object<br />
<br />
demod_Data = demodulate(z,ser_data_1); %demodulating the data<br />
<br />
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(t_data,demod_Data) ;<br />
end<br />
<br />
% plotting the result<br />
<br />
semilogy(EbNo,ratio,'--or','linewidth',2);<br />
hold on;<br />
% EbN0Lin = 10.^(EbNo/10);<br />
theoryBer = berfading(EbNo,'psk',2^k,1);<br />
semilogy(EbNo,theoryBer,'--ob','linewidth',2);<br />
legend('simulated','theoritical')<br />
grid on<br />
<br />
xlabel('EbNo');<br />
ylabel('BER')<br />
title('Bit error probability curve for 8-PSK using OFDM (Rayleigh Channel)');<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Result:</b></u><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Bit Error Ratio (BER) Curve for 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) for Rayleigh Channel " border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVpRKm_cL0xCZl6mpp84BQMr3PDjlR3h4yWkdtY-fyA3Y8kFEQECmdVhsj5YZORHnF2Dtxi0Lq9H5xJ-V_ALhAk0kkatsslkqUsg5FLa4Fy0ETINtzlvKqNt5nUoM-qFKxfybpy_q6vv1C/s640/BER+Ray.jpg" title="Bit Error Ratio (BER) Curve for 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) for Rayleigh Channel " width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bit Error Ratio (BER) Curve for 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) for Rayleigh Channel </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="beh-entry-author">
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<h4 class="title">
<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vijay Sharma</a>
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<b>The newest member at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, Arduino, & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vijay1475[at]iiitd.ac.in or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-6072367314440288032015-12-04T22:43:00.000-08:002016-12-25T15:03:48.045-08:00Bit Error Ratio (BER) Curve for 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) OFDM for AWGN Channel<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
%<span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">The </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">bit error ratio</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;"> (also </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">BER</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 17.92px;">) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred its during a studied time interval. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.84px;">%Additive white Gaussian noise (</span><b style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.84px;">AWGN</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.84px;">) is a basic noise model used in Information theory to mimic the effect of many random processes that occur in nature.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.84px;"><br /></span>
<u><b><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.84px;">MATLAB Code:</span></b></u><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 19.84px;"><br /></span>
close all<br />
clear all<br />
clc<br />
<br />
nbitpersym = 52; % number of bits per OFDM symbol (same as the number of subcarriers for BPSK)<br />
nsym = 10^3; % number of symbols<br />
len_fft = 64; % fft size<br />
sub_car = 52; % number of data subcarriers<br />
EbNo = 0:2:12;<br />
k=3;<br />
EsNo= EbNo + 10*log10(52/64)+ 10*log10(64/80) + 10*log10(k); % symbol to noise ratio<br />
<br />
snr=EsNo - 10*log10(52/64); % snr as to be used by awgn fn.<br />
<br />
hh = modem.pskmod('M',2^k,'InputType','Bit','SymbolOrder','gray'); % modulation object<br />
<br />
% Generating data<br />
<br />
t_data=randi([0 1],nbitpersym*nsym*k,1);<br />
<br />
% modulating data<br />
<br />
mod_data = modulate(hh,t_data);<br />
<br />
% serial to parallel conversion<br />
<br />
par_data = reshape(mod_data,nbitpersym,nsym).';<br />
<br />
% pilot insertion<br />
<br />
pilot_ins_data=[zeros(nsym,6) par_data(:,[1:nbitpersym/2]) zeros(nsym,1) par_data(:,[nbitpersym/2+1:nbitpersym]) zeros(nsym,5)] ;<br />
<br />
% fourier transform time doamain data and normalizing the data<br />
<br />
IFFT_data = (64/sqrt(52))*ifft(fftshift(pilot_ins_data.')).';<br />
<br />
% addition cyclic prefix<br />
<br />
cylic_add_data = [IFFT_data(:,[49:64]) IFFT_data].';<br />
<br />
% parallel to serial coversion<br />
<br />
ser_data = reshape(cylic_add_data,80*nsym,1);<br />
<br />
% passing thru channel<br />
<br />
no_of_error=[];<br />
ratio=[];<br />
for ii=1:length(snr)<br />
<br />
chan_awgn = sqrt(80/52)*awgn(ser_data,snr(ii),'measured'); % awgn addition<br />
<br />
ser_to_para = reshape(chan_awgn,80,nsym).'; % serial to parallel coversion<br />
<br />
cyclic_pre_rem = ser_to_para(:,[17:80]); %cyclic prefix removal<br />
<br />
FFT_recdata =(sqrt(52)/64)*fftshift(fft(cyclic_pre_rem.')).'; % freq domain transform<br />
<br />
rem_pilot = FFT_recdata (:,[6+[1:nbitpersym/2] 7+[nbitpersym/2+1:nbitpersym] ]); %pilot removal<br />
<br />
ser_data_1 = reshape(rem_pilot.',nbitpersym*nsym,1); % serial coversion<br />
<br />
z=modem.pskdemod('M',2^k,'OutputType','Bit','SymbolOrder','gray'); %demodulation object<br />
<br />
demod_Data = demodulate(z,ser_data_1); %demodulating the data<br />
<br />
[no_of_error(ii),ratio(ii)]=biterr(t_data,demod_Data) ; % error rate calculation<br />
<br />
end<br />
<br />
% plotting the result<br />
<br />
semilogy(EbNo,ratio,'--or','linewidth',2);<br />
hold on;<br />
theoryBer = berawgn(EbNo,'psk',2^k,'nondiff');<br />
semilogy (EbNo,theoryBer,'--*b','linewidth',2);<br />
legend('simulated','theoritical')<br />
grid on<br />
% axis([0 12 10^-5 .1])<br />
xlabel('EbNo');<br />
ylabel('BER')<br />
title('Bit error probability curve for 8-PSK using OFDM (AWGN)');<br />
<div>
<br />
<u><b><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Results:</span></span></b></u><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Bit Error Ratio (BER) Curve for 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) for Rayleigh Channel" border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb4QxQtxi2NYYJEZ30rQy-x1LgjmxCREEL42YWXfKR7tqAw8BcdIzl154PHMCjHt9Ebx_IhzggsMeqaMT44vMJMULeML-WNXUtTnO1znPSW3x6S4k6Bso9htWokDnPesz7ka16uFMPXdNN/s640/BER+awgn.jpg" title="Bit Error Ratio (BER) Curve for 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) for Rayleigh Channel" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #222222;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Bit Error Ratio (BER) Curve for 8-PSK (Phase Shift Keying) for Rayleigh Channel</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<u><br /></u></div>
<div class="beh-entry-author">
<div class="author-header main-color-bg">
<h4 class="title">
<u><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span></u><a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vijay Sharma</a>
</h4>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-77283521639311564782015-10-18T03:30:00.002-07:002015-10-18T03:32:01.028-07:00Sending Email thorugh MATLAB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Electronic mail or E-mail is around us since 1993. The pioneer of this mode of communication was no doubt 'Hotmail' which is now owned by Microsoft. From computer based application, they have taken it to web and publicize it to an extent that today the official communication seems incomplete without it. Although the first of the web email was sent through a CERN project.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Sending Email thorugh MATLAB" border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRaXONRifIiGecfOLFGMYZ1Rdo1MvAjegFy9-mbjA8lmqiArj7X_WC7A-bwUAPgkzJdVvO33J1_agDCLRAJHKHNIusabJHD4gONjbljDe4wCaHGbpr-5tnj3nlGJqyKbUI7EYRcMqCttzG/s320/email_mat.png" title="Sending Email thorugh MATLAB" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sending Email thorugh MATLAB</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In this MATLAB code I have used MATLAB JAVA classes to use their SMTP access property. For more about EMAIL and SMTP or other protocols which is used to send mails please refer web.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The MATLAB is commented well, but if you have any doubt please comment below. MATLAB code in bold for better contrast from the comments.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
%%MATLAB Code for Sending Email %%</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /><b>clc;close all;clear all;</b><br /><b>mail_to='xyz@example.com';</b> %replace with your choice of mail id<br />%*required<br /><br /><b>service='gmail';</b> <br />%*required<br />%set service='yahoo' for yahoo.com<br />%set service='gmail' for gmail.com <br />%set service='live' for live.com<br />%set service='outlook' for outlook.com <br />%set service='anyother' for anyother.com <br /><br /><b>ext='.com';</b><br />%*required<br />%set ext='.com' for .com domain<br />%set ext='.in' for .in domain<br />%set ext='.co.in' for .co.in domain<br />%set ext='.mobi' for .mobi domain<br />%set ext='.xyz' for .xyz domain<br /><br /><b>user_name='vibhutesh1494';</b> %replace the string with your user name<br />%*required<br /><br /><b>password='xyz';</b> %replace the string with your password (sender's password)<br />%*required<br /><br /><b>subject='Anything you want'; </b>%replace the string with subject of your mail<br />%if you want subject be blank simply make subject=''<br /><br /><b>body='Type you email content here'; </b>%replace it with content of your mail<br />%if you want to send a blank mail simply make body=''<br /><br /><b>attachment='Provide full path of the file to be attached';</b><br />%if you dont want to attach anything simply replace attachment='Path' by attachment=[]<br /><br />%setting up email server by using java classes<br /><b>props = java.lang.System.getProperties;<br />props.setProperty('mail.smtp.auth','true');<br />props.setProperty('mail.smtp.socketFactory.class', 'javax.net.ssl.SSLSocketFactory');</b><br /><br /><b>email_port='465';</b><br />%Change this to port 25, 465, 587, 995 based on server properties<br />%port 25 for smtp<br />%port 465 for secured/encrypted smtp<br />%port 587 for TLS enabled servers<br />%port 995 for SSL/TLS encrypted POP<br /><b>props.setProperty('mail.smtp.socketFactory.port',email_port);</b><br /><br /><br /><b>switch service</b><br /> % add in different cases based on server settings<br /> <b>case 'gmail'<br /> id = [user_name,'@gmail.com'];<br /> setpref('Internet','SMTP_Server','smtp.gmail.com');<br /> case 'live'<br /> id = [user_name,'@live.com'];<br /> setpref('Internet','SMTP_Server','smtp.live.com');<br /> case 'outlook'<br /> id = [user_name,'@outlook.com'];<br /> setpref('Internet','SMTP_Server','smtp-mail.outlook.com');<br /> case 'yahoo'<br /> id = [user_name,'@yahoo.com'];<br /> setpref('Internet','SMTP_Server','smtp.mail.yahoo.com');<br /> otherwise<br /> id = [user_name,'@',service,'.com'];<br /> setpref('Internet','SMTP_Server',['smtp.mail.',service,ext]);<br />end</b><br /><br />%for login through your smtp settings<br /><b>setpref('Internet','E_mail',id);<br />setpref('Internet','SMTP_Username',id);<br />setpref('Internet','SMTP_Password',password);<br /><br />sendmail(mail_to,subject,body,attachment)</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>NOTE :</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>*Your mail could end up in SPAM folder particularly if you end up using port 25, so be sure to check this folder too.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>*You must be connected to internet for using this code.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>*For Gmail it is required to have a secure connection by default. If you get a security certificate error try fiddling up something in your GMAIL account setting to make the mailing transaction unsecured. (At-least for this program).</b></div>
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<h4 class="title">
<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-74972529606628580072015-09-21T11:32:00.001-07:002015-09-21T11:36:51.376-07:00Installing NS3 in Ubuntu 14.0x : In 5 Simple steps<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
What is NS-3?<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
According to its developer's website, the description as follows: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
ns-3 is a discrete-event network simulator, targeted primarily for
research and educational use. ns-3 is free software, licensed under the GNU GPLv2 license, and is publicly available for research, development, and use.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The goal of the ns-3 project is to develop a preferred, open
simulation environment for networking research: it should be aligned
with the simulation needs of modern networking research and should
encourage community contribution, peer review, and validation of the
software.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
How to install NS-3 in your Ubuntu 14.0x versions.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<u><b>Step 1</b></u>:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
You need to install all the dependencies first in order to make your NS-3 work correctly.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In official installation documentation (https://www.nsnam.org/wiki/Installation) the installation process is given step by step, but it will take a long time to complete, instead you can use the following command to complete that 17+ step process in one step process. For other operating system you should look into the above official link. (Since I have tested it for only Ubuntu 14.05 & 14.04 so I can tell you about this only.)</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Just copy & paste in the terminal window:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>sudo apt-get install gcc g++ python python-dev qt4-dev-tools mercurial bzr gdb valgrind gsl-bin libgsl0-dev libgsl0ldbl flex bison tcpdump sqlite sqlite3 libsqlite3-dev libxml2 libxml2-dev libgtk2.0-0 libgtk2.0-dev uncrustify doxygen graphviz imagemagick texlive texlive-latex-extra texlive-generic-extra texlive-generic-recommended texinfo dia texlive texlive-latex-extra texlive-extra-utils texlive-generic-recommended texi2html python-pygraphviz python-kiwi python-pygoocanvas libgoocanvas-dev python-pygccxml</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<u><b>NOTE:</b></u> If you are running your Ubuntu in a VM, you need to further install, vtun & lxc. Simply enter the command, <b>sudo apt-get install vtun lxc.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
*The above process will take nearly 1200MB of your hard-drive space. So a case might arise that you run out of your space, particularly if you are doing it from a memory limited flash drive.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<u><b>Step 2</b></u>:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After finishing with the above step successfully, go to the link: <span style="font-size: medium;"><a class="external free" href="http://www.nsnam.org/release/" rel="nofollow">http://www.nsnam.org/release/</a></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">To check for the latest version of NS-3.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">In my case it was 3.24, if you want a onder version of NS-3 just note down the version number. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">And enter the following command into your terminal.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"> <b>mkdir ns3</b></span></pre>
<b>
<span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></b><br />
<pre><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> cd ns3</span></b></pre>
<pre><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"> wget <a class="external free" href="http://www.nsnam.org/release/ns-allinone-3.24.tar.bz2" rel="nofollow">http://www.nsnam.org/release/ns-allinone-3.24.tar.bz2</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> tar xjf ns-allinone-3.24.tar.bz2</span><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span><span style="font-size: medium;"> cd ns-allinone-3.24/</span>
<span style="font-size: medium;"> ls</span></b></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></pre>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">Before <b>mkdir</b> command make sure you are in right directory( in which you actually want to install, if you are not sure give these command directly, but do remember the path, in my case I have installed it in '/').</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: medium;">After the <b>ls</b> command you are going to see something like this....</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<pre>bake constants.pyc pybindgen-0.17.0.post41+ngd10fa60 util.pyc
build.py netanim-3.106 README
constants.py ns-3.24 util.py</pre>
<br />
<u><b>Step 3</b></u>:<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
After finishing with the above steps, now give the following command:<br />
<br />
<b>./build.py --enable-examples --enable-tests</b><br />
<br />
it will take a while to build, once finished goto the ns-3.24 folder. (This folder name Depends upon your NS3 version).<br />
<br />
<b>cd ns-3.24</b><br />
<br />
do a <b>ls</b> here <br />
<b>ls</b><br />
<br />
You will see something like this:<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
AUTHORS DlRlcStats.txt scratch UlRlcStats.txt waf-tools<br />
bindings doc src utils wscript<br />
build examples test.py utils.py wutils.py<br />
CHANGES.html LICENSE testpy-output utils.pyc wutils.pyc<br />
different.pcap Makefile testpy.supp VERSION<br />
DlMacStats.txt README UlMacStats.txt <b>waf</b><br />
DlPdcpStats.txt RELEASE_NOTES UlPdcpStats.txt <b>waf.bat </b></div>
<br />
<u><b>Step 4</b></u>:<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Now we need to build using <b>waf</b> builder. Do the following:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;">./waf -d debug --enable-examples --enable-tests configure</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;">./waf</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></pre>
<pre></pre>
<u><b>Step 5</b></u>:<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
After done with <b>waf</b> builder. Now its time to check if your installation is ready to work or not? For doing this you need to give the command:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>./test.py</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If the result is a <b>PASS</b> for all the modules, you are ready with your NS3.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br />
<u><b>FIRST RUN of NS3</b></u>:<br />
You might want a first run of NS3 which you have just installed. Just be in the same directory (i.e., ns-3.24, in which the <b>waf </b>& <b>test.py </b> are) & give the command:<br />
<br />
<b>./waf --run first</b><br />
<br />
You will see the output something like this:<br />
<br />
Waf: Entering directory `/home/openbts/ns3/ns-allinone-3.24/ns-3.24/build'<br />
Waf: Leaving directory `/home/openbts/ns3/ns-allinone-3.24/ns-3.24/build'<br />
Build commands will be stored in build/compile_commands.json<br />
'build' finished successfully (1.112s)<br />
At time 2s client sent 1024 bytes to 10.1.1.2 port 9<br />
At time 2.00369s server received 1024 bytes from 10.1.1.1 port 49153<br />
At time 2.00369s server sent 1024 bytes to 10.1.1.1 port 49153<br />
At time 2.00737s client received 1024 bytes from 10.1.1.2 port 9</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;">Congrats!</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;">Additionally you should also try: </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><b>./waf --run second</b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b>./waf --run third</b></b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b>./waf --run fourth</b></b></b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b>./waf --run fifth</b></b></b></span></b></b></b></span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b>./waf --run sixth</b></b></b></span> </b></b></b></span> </b> </b> </b> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><b><b><b>./waf --run seventh</b></b></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></span> </span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;">
</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;">Follow the official tutorial of NS-3 from here:</span></pre>
<pre><span style="font-size: medium;">https://www.nsnam.org/docs/release/3.24/tutorial/ns-3-tutorial.pdf</span></pre>
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<h4 class="title">
<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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<div class="author-description">
<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-48064461552792580542015-09-21T06:10:00.002-07:002015-09-21T06:10:40.000-07:00Calculating the Global Extrema (Minima/Maxima) of a quadratic function/equation through MATLAB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc">An <b>extrema</b> is a maximum or minimum of a function. An <b>extrema</b> may be local (a.k.a. a relative <b>extrema</b>; an <b>extrema</b> in a given region which is not the overall maximum or minimum) or global. In this MATLAB program we are calculating the global extrema of a quadratic function/equation as entered by the user which is in the form, <b>'ax^2+bx+c=y'</b>.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc">The program after getting the values of 'a', 'b' & 'c' from the user plots the function 'y' with the varying value of 'x'. And tells the (x,y) coordinates of the global minimum of that quadratic function.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc">The value of x & y are actually after taking the derivative of the function </span><span class="_Tgc"><b>ax^2+bx+c. </b>Refer some mathematics text in order to find more about Maxima & Minima (Extremum) Calculation.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span class="_Tgc">Following MATLAB Code is for Calculating the Global Extrema (Minima/Maxima) of a quadratic function/equation.</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc">%Global extremum of a quadratic function<br /><br />%input the quadratic equation in terms of 'a','b' & 'c', ax^2+bx+c=y<br /><b>a=input('Enter a for ax^2+bx+c=y:');<br />b=input('Enter b for ax^2+bx+c=y:');<br />c=input('Enter c for ax^2+bx+c=y:');</b><br />%for plotting 'y' from x=-200 to +200<br /><b>xx=-100:1:100;<br />plot(xx,a.*xx.*xx+b.*xx+c);<br />title('The plot of User Entered Quadratic Equation/Function')<br />xlabel('x->>');<br />ylabel('y->>');</b><br />%min/max using first derivative<br /><b>x = (-b)/(2*a);<br />y = ((4*a*c)-b^2)/(4*a);<br />disp('Coordinates of Min/max value (x,y)');<br />if a>0<br /> disp('It is a minima.');<br />else<br /> disp('It is a maxima.');<br />end<br />C = [x,y]</b><br /><b>Z = b^2 - 4*a*c;</b>% x-intercepts<br /><b>A1 = (-b + sqrt(Z))/(2*a);<br />A2 = (-b - sqrt(Z))/(2*a);<br /><br />disp('X-Intercepts:');<br />disp(A1)<br />disp(A2)</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span class="_Tgc">Sample Output:</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span class="_Tgc">CASE 1: </span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Calculating the Global Extrema (Minima/Maxima) of a quadratic function/equation through MATLAB" border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu7VbbkkZAJuFUbdZC54Tns8K7Wcrm8K5KjUpHwsdRxUN9Qu_BryM77G2jvsspuTi5xWPZfi-mju0YS6fufOEJ9NCrHxMVHJuslTSVjY8ht2VwLuOPAIAhyYeWusEPyoNI231dxTdu10RZ/s640/untitled.jpg" title="Calculating the Global Extrema (Minima/Maxima) of a quadratic function/equation through MATLAB" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Calculating the Global Extrema (Minima/Maxima) of a quadratic function/equation through MATLAB</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><b> Enter a for ax^2+bx+c=y:1<br />Enter b for ax^2+bx+c=y:0<br />Enter c for ax^2+bx+c=y:0<br />Coordinates of Min/max value (x,y)<br />It is a minima.<br /><br />C =<br /><br /> 0 0<br /><br />X-Intercepts:<br /> 0<br /><br /> 0</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><b>CASE2:</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><b> <table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Calculating the Global Extrema (Minima/Maxima) of a quadratic function/equation through MATLAB" border="0" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBXMiBg5BJ958vyiWgn4W8DnsJmWKfm3TVHlGA4EAg7TM_5pezjt_CwkBjv_AOEZB3sBbRSB_G1op_zi9jP-Jxax2wplLSE8eN9DJUwhgHtjbp3VxrvPsbxd5zGJhJ97r7_Bse9tonMiu4/s640/untitled.jpg" title="Calculating the Global Extrema (Minima/Maxima) of a quadratic function/equation through MATLAB" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>Calculating the Global Extrema (Minima/Maxima) of a quadratic function/equation through MATLAB</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="_Tgc"><b>Enter a for ax^2+bx+c=y:1<br />Enter b for ax^2+bx+c=y:20<br />Enter c for ax^2+bx+c=y:1<br />Coordinates of Min/max value (x,y)<br />It is a minima.<br /><br />C =<br /><br /> -10 -99<br /><br />X-Intercepts:<br /> -0.0501<br /><br /> -19.9499 </b></span></div>
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</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-5234949936084010372015-05-30T05:49:00.001-07:002015-05-30T05:50:16.502-07:00Convert any of your .m files (MATLAB Script Files) into stand alone applications (.exe) Through mcc: MATLAB Compiler<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Yes, you can convert any of your .m files (MATLAB Script Files) into stand alone applications (.exe) using the command "<b>mcc</b>".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
"<b>mcc</b>" is the MATLAB command that invokes the MATLAB
Compiler. You can issue the "<b>mcc</b>" command either from the
MATLAB command prompt (MATLAB mode) or the DOS or UNIX command line (standalone
mode). Means it is a separate entity with respect of MATLAB & can be invoked through MATLAB or any other system terminal.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
General syntax of "<b>mcc</b>" command is:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<pre><b>mcc [-options] mfile1 [mfile2 ... mfileN]
[C/C++file1 ... C/C++fileN]</b> </pre>
<pre> </pre>
So, one thing that might come to mind that, what is the benefit of doing it? Well the answer to this is simple, now you can still run your MATLAB Script files without having Matlab installed in your system.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<u>A test case for "<b>mcc</b>".</u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Suppose you have a MATLAB script file known as <b>xyz.m</b>, that you want to export as an executable. So you will type the command as, "<b>mcc -m calculator.m</b>". You can explore more by typing "<b>help
mcc</b>"</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The parameter <b>"-m"</b> will generate a <b>Stand-alone C application, </b>if you want to generate a C++ application you just need to change this parameter as <b>"-p"</b>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Along with the generated <b>.exe</b> (<b>Executable</b>) file <b>mcc </b>will generate some additional files, in the same folder, & they will be like: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>asv file(s)<br />prg file(s)<br />c files(s)<br />log files<br />txt files</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>NOTE</b>: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
You need to have <b>MATLAB Runtime</b> pre-installed in the destination system, in which you planned to deploy this .exe file.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>IMPORTANT</b>: </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
MCC (MATLAB Compiler) doesn't generally a part of MATLAB. You need to most probably purchase it as separate entity.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-80406062174388669682015-05-23T01:43:00.001-07:002015-05-23T10:41:14.887-07:00Image stitching Using MATLAB, Joining Multiple Images in MATLAB, Without Correlation: MATLAB Image Processing<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Wikipedia definition says,<b> Image stitching</b> is a process of combining multiple images with some or no overlapping fields of view to produce a segmented panorama or high-resolution image. Commonly performed through the use of computer software,
most approaches to image stitching require nearly exact overlaps
between images and identical exposures to produce seamless results.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This process can also be easily done in MATLAB, as image is also a matrix of integers & what MATLAB do processing on, is a Matrix. So, image stitching is a simple problem of Matrix Manipulation. If you are aware of these manipulations you can easily get to know how to do it.<br />
<br />
<b>NOTE:</b> This method will perform image stitching without correlation of the parts to be stitched, so if there is a overlap between the content of the images to be stitched that will distort the image, as it will contain the repetition of the pixels.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
So lets take an Image First. Its my favorite image of Himalaya, as seen from a small & beautiful hill station Ranikhet.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="The original or Desired Image, which we have to get after Image Stitching" border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrX2AAwpLKSwazfbdT_wwfnVZypr8JRTBLAdD9M0299zdWlbbjpNiTzDBH1LfYeHseTin_C3yQxlcW9-DHqJwTHBLRZN0DEuqkziKnT3krxYiJGKQWNZ_uLHx3znRlIIAuqu_VgaHDLiZR/s640/1.jpg" title="The original or Desired Image, which we have to get after Image Stitching" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The original or Desired Image, which we have to get after Image Stitching</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Now just for the experimentation purpose I have cropped this image in two parts, & will try to stitch those 2 parts (left & right) in order to get the complete panoramic view of Himalaya.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The 2 parts looks like:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
(1) Left Part as <b>1p.jpg</b> in the below MATLAB Codes</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Left part of the image to be stitched" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnoltVciVNoG7eaSzoi3tRnGYEdUgJzzJitOXrMKyooI5DhDKcFmgl0IQo5-0KRWP3qAtz6Y8hEP2JCYBeiAAFbEXBwy9dLmdbYHRGuvQKjPSgVNwvbqEcKmKYzZWH3Z8VsRYzwZ5AKxR/s400/1p.jpg" title="Left part of the image to be stitched" width="277" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Left part of the image to be stitched</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
(2) Right Part as <b>1q.jpg </b>in the below MATLAB Codes<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Right part of the image to be stitched" border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinxQ36WCsOBXOg1IVTk3IViywpwEacNrKXq5G9N26cKFf8FbeswA_-VFqvq-aoC_Dm8VBFQFWWls5LMfR7HA8UWXQW3KVDIQrLNy_EoWrG0TtrtNxABOj3-LWqqhUidS1r9ck3A6rNQVbc/s400/1q.jpg" title="Right part of the image to be stitched" width="255" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Right part of the image to be stitched</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Now its time to apply our MATLAB code in order to combine these two images or stitch them to get whatever we wanted it to be.<br />
<br />
<b>MATLAB Code, If you wanted to stitch the above two images one over another:</b><br />
<br />
<b>clc<br />close all<br />clear all<br />a= imread('1p.jpg'); </b>%read the left part of the image<br />
<b>b=imread('1q.jpg'); </b>%read the right part of the image<br />
<b>sa= size(a); </b>%get the size of the left image<br />
<b>sb = size(b);</b>%get the size of the left image<br />
<b>b= imresize(b,[sa(1) sa(2)]); </b>%now resize 'b' as per the size of 'a' in order to get perfect sized image<br />
<b>c= [a;b]; </b>% club the image a & b into another new image after making their size same<br />
%note the semicolon in the above line inside bracket<br />
<b>imshow(c)</b> % show the image<br />
<br />
The resultant image after applying above MATLAB code is:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="The resultant Image After One Over Another image Stiching" border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDZsnZ3JGCJs745XfIu-NNqjkw7jc2G6XT8pg5TX0tUiZ0xuIeXGKEu9N2YVB8r1XmX1WXBhTsQWEFW2zS8dWx0AK369lebDePZ0k8cleMfVE0pIZOir6fjskK4baSTMKDEL4xz4RLkfKX/s640/untitled.jpg" title="The resultant Image After One Over Another image Stiching" width="374" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The resultant Image After One Over Another image Stitching</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>NOTE:</b> We have resized image 'b' as per image 'a', you are free to do opposite. This will particularly create visible distortion in the case where there is a large difference in the image size of the combining images.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>NOTE: </b>If you want to take image 1p.jpg instead of 1q.jpg to be stitched first, you just need to interchange the variables in the 2nd last line, that is <b>c= [a;b] </b>to <b>c= [b;a]</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b>MATLAB Code, If you wanted to stitch the above two images sideways:</b><br />
<br />
<b>clc<br />close all<br />clear all<br />a= imread('1p.jpg'); </b>%read the left part of the image<br />
<b>b=imread('1q.jpg'); </b>%read the right part of the image<br />
<b>sa= size(a); </b>%get the size of the left image<br />
<b>sb = size(b);</b>%get the size of the left image<br />
<b>b= imresize(b,[sa(1) sa(2)]); </b>%now resize 'b' as per the size of 'a' in order to get perfect sized image<br />
<b>c= [a b]; </b>% club the image a & b into another new image after making their size same<br />
%note the missing semicolon in the above line inside bracket<br />
<b>imshow(c)</b> % show the image<br />
<br />
The resultant image after applying above MATLAB code is:<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="The stitched version of the above two images Sideways" border="0" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjU9QMSVkVd_sagXE-WNv0tS_aBgzK5FZpyjgOxtroqnRc-Uv-bh5kx1yxHKuvpoS45PfbBX0Wkp3vMWFII4lLCGuVR6wOQKITaFMaNl1VzkiI_caKpbRl0HmtOYia9nclD_hJK5DjnmlNp/s640/untitled.jpg" title="The stitched version of the above two images Sideways" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The stitched version of the above two images Sideways</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>NOTE: </b>If you want to take image
1p.jpg instead of 1q.jpg to be stitched first, you just need to
interchange the variables in the 2nd last line, that is <b>c= [a b] </b>to <b>c= [b a]</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hope you enjoyed the article on Image Stitching Using Matlab. If you want to share your own result, or want to share your own improved code, just comment over the page or just mail me. I will be happy to include that here.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-71569104788259101822015-05-13T11:38:00.001-07:002015-05-13T11:42:12.542-07:00Making a Versatile Calculator Using MATLAB GUI Programming<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
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Before going through this post I would recommend that you must see, <a href="http://www.divilabs.com/2015/04/building-simple-gui-interface-in-matlab.html" target="">MATLAB GUI basics</a> post so that
you can have some idea about the GUI & related options in MATLAB.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Making a Versatile Calculator Using MATLAB GUI Programming</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Step 1</b>: Go to MATLAB's command window, & enter the command</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
>><b>guide</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Step2 </b>: Make your GUI platform. Think how your calculator will
looks like & add buttons, text box etc. In my calculator I have taken 35 push buttons for different calculator related functions.
I take 3 static text box in which one is used for displaying the title of my calculator as
“Calculator”. One will show input given by push buttons and last one will be used
for showing the results.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Displaying the use of Text Boxes & Buttons in MATLAB GUI" border="0" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirhG0jIegoAQDpeLBdZUmvNe4l07H9nnStJAEXfNahQdGUGdLYjRSf5UWELEoFrS-JOmVSjno5yq45AZkhyphenhyphen5QhkcBCTbLiCKy56PYZWnfou-Hz8uVjd70wALZcSPrHuvlvR157MTcJvGg2/s640/calc.png" title="Displaying the use of Text Boxes & Buttons in MATLAB GUI" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Displaying the use of Text Boxes & Buttons in MATLAB GUI</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
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string name ( which reflects the name of push button ) and tag ( which reflects
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<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Property Inspector: MATLAB GUI Calculator" border="0" height="410" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ-qNWU2PISKVhEkMYFf5pTZGa4FXZ9z8EXY5o83ZPTFmy2Pozgli1EczAOgD4z8vuiDzepR_5XQJCDm7162c-j75FN-L1sm1v2Qy2B47MryK5p3qXtrilQwWpzxWQYwQLYphuo6cT_JtP/s640/calc.png" title="Property Inspector: MATLAB GUI Calculator" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Property Inspector: MATLAB GUI Calculator</td></tr>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="More options inside Property Inspector: GUI calculator Using MATLAB" border="0" height="60" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9_Z1rrltCSzVDrNO_ELs2SYrfXsh9i3VH72-3NcsXVXglqsyCeBz_0BFL5vmQRW6RR6zv248nb_5dSAzjTecsacmNHbt6YaWDgg2vyIf1p8U7BtUT9_vRmBs7Ifqmkv5-6bT56UAS9_Bc/s640/calc1.png" title="More options inside Property Inspector: GUI calculator Using MATLAB" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">More options inside Property Inspector: GUI calculator Using MATLAB</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-right:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0cm;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;
mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
So for the '<b>+</b>' push button I changed the string by <b>'+'</b> so at the
push button it shows +. And in tag I change with <b>pushbuttonplus</b> so in
programming its call back function name is <b>pushbuttonplus</b>. You can give these
names as according to your choices.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So the same process I did, with all push buttons. I named all push button
tag as per their function which you see in the programming part. Also you can
change the colour, font size, size of push button etc things as according to
your choice.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
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<b>Step 3:</b> Once you done all these things you can save this and
open the <b>Editor</b> section.</div>
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<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Open the Editor: MATLAB GUI Programming" border="0" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYwBIPUBHrhjW4JDGelqDWbQIoRC0fMZ50kTlWcM9hjzSykyihYZAp5aWXHjDbw1KgykV6x1czEpV1TxYbL4Z3JtoqeufTC5UzDKNf3188x3HhYYZ7E-ddY0WYhCrRbP95yrxdVaD7eA4x/s640/calc.png" title="Open the Editor: MATLAB GUI Programming" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Open the Editor: MATLAB GUI Programming</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Step 4</b>: now you have to program each and every button
functions as according to your requirement. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In programming there are some functions which is used many
times like.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1 #<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Set </b>: this is used to set any block when this
particular push button calls .</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Like:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
Pushbutton1……….</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>set (handles.text1,’string’,’vijaysharma’);</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
means whenever pushbutton1 will be called it
set text 1 as vijaysharma.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2 #<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>Get</b>: this is used to take data from any block</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>New=get( handles.text1.’string’);</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
means it will take data from text1 and store
in New.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"># #<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> <b>
</b></span></span></span><b>strcat(new,old);</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
means it add ‘new’ string and ‘old’ string
together. </div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"># #<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b>eval </b>is used to calculate the value of
expression given in string.</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b>eval(‘1+2+3*2’);</b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<b>>> 9</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You can read more about these functions in MATLAB.</div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Step5</b>: The programming part: You need to do something like this to get your calculator work!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> varargout = question4(varargin)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">gui_Singleton = 1;</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">gui_State = struct(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'gui_Name'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mfilename, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">...</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'gui_Singleton'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gui_Singleton, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">...</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'gui_OpeningFcn'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,
@question4_OpeningFcn, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">...</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'gui_OutputFcn'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>@question4_OutputFcn, </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">...</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'gui_LayoutFcn'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[] , </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">...</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'gui_Callback'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[]);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">if</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> nargin && ischar(varargin{1})</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gui_State.gui_Callback =
str2func(varargin{1});</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">end</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">if</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> nargout</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[varargout{1:nargout}] =
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">else</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gui_mainfcn(gui_State,
varargin{:});</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">end</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> question4_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">handles.output = hObject;</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% Update handles structure</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">guidata(hObject, handles);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command
line.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> varargout = question4_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles) </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">varargout{1} = handles.output;</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton2.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton2_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'2'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% add two different strings</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton3.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'3'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton4.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton4_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'4'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton5.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton5_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'5'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton6.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton6_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'6'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton7.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton7_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'7'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton8.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton8_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'8'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton9.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton9_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'9'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton10.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton10_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'0'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonclear.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonclear_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">''</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% used for clear the static box with null vector</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton1.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'1'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonminus.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonminus_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'-'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonequal.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonequal_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=eval(old);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">%
calculate value expression passed in a string</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text3,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">, </span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">''</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonplus.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonplus_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'+'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonmultiply.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonmultiply_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'*'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttondivide.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttondivide_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'/'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttondegree.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttondegree_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new= char();</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">for</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> i= 1: (length (old))-1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% combination of both back space and add string so that we
can delate bracket of sin and add hyperbola</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>new(i)=old(i);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">end</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'d('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new2=strcat(new,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new2);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonsin.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonsin_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'sin('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttoncos.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttoncos_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'cos('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttontan.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttontan_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'tan('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonleftbracket.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonleftbracket_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">')'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonrightbracket.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonrightbracket_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonsqurt.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonsqurt_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'sqrt('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% used for
square root of any number</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonbackspace.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonbackspace_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new= char();</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">for</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> i= 1: (length (old))-1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% delate last charcter from a string</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>new(i)=old(i);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">end</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonsquare.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonsquare_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'^2'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% power of
2</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonpower.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonpower_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'^'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% power
symbol of any number</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonpi.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonpi_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'pi'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonlog.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonlog_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'log('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% used for
taking log of any number</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonantilog.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonantilog_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'exp('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% taking
antilog of any number</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttondot.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttondot_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'.'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonhyperbola.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonhyperbola_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new= char();</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">for</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> i= 1: (length (old))-1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% combination of both back space and add string so that we
can delate bracket of sin and add hyperbola</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>new(i)=old(i);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">end</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'h('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new2=strcat(new,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new2);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttoninverse.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttoninverse_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'inv('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% used for
inverse of any number</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonfactorail.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonfactorail_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'factorial('</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% used for
factroial of any number</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(old,new);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttonans.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttonans_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text3,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% taking result from output box
and put on input box </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(new,old);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: forestgreen; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">% --- Executes on button press in pushbuttoninversetran.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">function</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> pushbuttoninversetran_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">old=get(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new=(</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'a'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">new1=strcat(new,old);</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">set(handles.text1,</span><span style="color: #a020f0; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">'string'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">,new1);</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-IN</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>HI</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/>
<w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/>
<w:OverrideTableStyleHps/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><b>Step 6</b>: Now execute it. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="MATLAB GUI Calculator" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKIXQLWCun6M9m9GxvJxCvwKOSC9dfCjfTCM-oVaw5RxU7CVBmeC5nLmEReI-YXN-nQkIVAjE5uH7JO_HGcLBZVaTukJ9ua0dDrBOmwLGIp8MrRCWL7_argUcgf7vxXjOO4lYIU8m8DMEf/s1600/calc.png" title="MATLAB GUI Calculator" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MATLAB GUI Calculator</td></tr>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<style>
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">After that you can make your .exe file of this program by the help
of command ‘<b>deploytool</b>’. Just type this command on command window and add the file of
program and build it.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span> </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">You can add extra function add according to your requirement.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt;">If you have any suggestion or fault in this let me know, in the comment section or just drop a mail.</span></div>
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<b>The newest member at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, Arduino, & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vijay1475[at]iiitd.ac.in or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-21598534772830500022015-05-08T05:08:00.002-07:002015-05-08T05:08:55.591-07:00Plotting PSD (Power Spectral Density) of a given Signal Using MATLAB<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The power spectral density, or PSD is a measure of the power contained in the frequencies of the signal. We need to comply with the Nyquist criterion if we want a properly frequency PSD of the signal, since you will see a power spillage over other frequencies due to the phenomenon of aliasing. In the older version of MATLAB "septrum " command was
used for calculating power spectrum density. But for the later version, it has become obsolete
and may be removed in further versions, but there are other functions that you can use to judge the spectrum. Such as "<b>pwelch</b>".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The function "<b>pwelch</b>" stands for Power Spectral Density estimate via Welch's method.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Here, in this plotting example we are going to use 3 different frequencies of sine & cosine waves. Along will the addition of AWGN with the 3 summed up signal. The signal is sampled by taking care the Nyquist criterion.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The 3 frequencies in use are, 100 Hz, 200 Hz & 300 Hz. The sampling rate that we have kept is 1000Hz. In the plot you will see a angular frequency plot normalized to a value 0 to 1.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>MATLAB implementation / code to plot the PSD of a given signal, with AWGN.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>fs=1000;</b> % the sampling frequency <br /><b>dt = 1/fs; </b><br /><b>t = dt:dt:10000*dt;</b> % to gather signal data till 10000th sample<br /><b>cosine = 2*cos(2*pi*100*t);</b> % a cosine wave with 100Hz frequency<br /><b>cosine1 = 10*cos(2*pi*200*t); </b>% a cosine wave with 200Hz frequency<br /><b>sine = 100*sin(2*pi*300*t);</b> % a sine wave with 300Hz frequency<br /><b>y = cosine + cosine1 + sine;</b> % adding the above 3 signal</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>y=awgn(y,0);</b> % adding AWGN to the resultant summed up signal<br /><b>pwelch(y,[], [], [], 'psd') </b>% plotting the PSD using welch method</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Result of above MATLAB code to plot the PSD of the signal with AWGN is:</b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="MATLAB implementation / code to plot the PSD of a given signal, with AWGN" border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglXMwRglWTCRqPCKRiVuE-5yrzmRnUVbx08E6Hb0BULBBHeeS8CIHxQ5qD8qcedvCk8QuoNjqFzwbonwmGuuicKlUrl7SQufIPuoIoqKIoKXnOuVVRhBLQH_p-XdrxPs5Ti_e_FpIYgEUW/s640/awgn.jpg" title="MATLAB implementation / code to plot the PSD of a given signal, with AWGN" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>MATLAB implementation / code to plot the PSD of a given signal, with AWGN</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>MATLAB implementation / code to plot the PSD of a given signal, without AWGN.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>fs=1000;</b> % the sampling frequency <br /><b>dt = 1/fs; </b><br /><b>t = dt:dt:10000*dt;</b> % to gather signal data till 10000th sample<br /><b>cosine = 2*cos(2*pi*100*t);</b> % a cosine wave with 100Hz frequency<br /><b>cosine1 = 10*cos(2*pi*200*t); </b>% a cosine wave with 200Hz frequency<br /><b>sine = 100*sin(2*pi*300*t);</b> % a sine wave with 300Hz frequency<br /><b>y = cosine + cosine1 + sine;</b> % adding the above 3 signal</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>pwelch(y,[], [], [], 'psd') </b>% plotting the PSD using welch method</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Result of above MATLAB code to plot the PSD of the signal without AWGN is:</b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="MATLAB implementation / code to plot the PSD of a given signal, without AWGN" border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu26e6V7nSlaKhExcDMuRYdoegKPLQu0c15cNBVInbZPoV1Aq2DHLybftx2mL3sZneFHhed7aHxYLD4dMlyK8SQeaEiwMZ_MXXG3LVyGWts_cFzJbH7GXdwcUPC6PD4aEIgVbJ20HeBUzo/s640/without+noise.jpg" title="MATLAB implementation / code to plot the PSD of a given signal, without AWGN" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b>MATLAB implementation / code to plot the PSD of a given signal, without AWGN</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>NOTE: </b>You can see the 3 peaks in both the cases, & they have different amplitude levels in the PSD, that is due to the fact that while creating the samples of the signal I have multiplied them with different amplitude level, & the PSD can be estimated simply by using a crude formulae, <b>square(|a|)</b>, here 'a' is the amplitude level of the signal.
</div>
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<h4 class="title">
<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-86390350662787165452015-04-11T04:49:00.000-07:002015-04-11T04:52:23.072-07:00MATLAB SNR Vs Probability of Symbol Error Curve For M-ary QAM in AWGN channel: Error Probability Curve For M-ary QAM<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
QAM(Quadrature amplitude modulation) is extensively used in digital data
radio & data communications applications. A variety of
forms of QAM are available and some of the more common forms include 4QAM, 8QAM, 16
QAM, 32 QAM, 64 QAM & 128 QAM.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The advantage of using QAM is that its higher M-ary type is able to carry more bits of information
per symbol, with a very less significant degradation in channel performance. Thus, selecting a higher order format of QAM, the data rate of transmission can be increased.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For the constellation diagram & other advanced information you can get various resources over the internet, you need to just search it with the right keyword.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Now, coming to the MATLAB implementation part.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>SNR Vs Probability of Symbol Error Curve For M-ary QAM in AWGN channel: Error Probability Curve For M-ary QAM</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
%Here we have plotted for the following M-ary schemes, 4,8,16,32,64 & 128-ary QAM.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
%different colors have been used to indicate different M-ary plot.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>clc<br />close all<br />clear all<br />lc = ['m','r','g','b','k','c'];</b> %for diffrent color plot for each M-ary<br />
<b>nsample = 1;</b> % number of samples per symbol, default it is 1<br />
<b>M = 4;</b> %starting M-ary number<br />
<b>for i = 1:6 <br /> snr = 0:2:30;</b> %till 30 dB<br />
<b>nbits = log2(M);</b> %calculating the number of bits per symbol<br />
<b>esym = snr + 10*log(nbits) + 10*log(nsample);</b> %energy of symbol<br />
<b> esyml = db2mag(esym);</b> %converting dB to linear scale<br />
<b>pe = 4*qfunc(sqrt(3*esyml/(M-1)));</b> %probability of error<br />
<b>semilogy(snr,pe,lc(nbits-1))</b> %plotting the error curve<br />
<b> hold on<br /> M = M*2;</b> %doubling the M in M-ary system<br />
<b>end<br />xlabel('SNR (dB)')<br />ylabel('Probability of Error')<br />title('Symbol Error Probability Curve of M-ary QAM')<br />grid on<br />legend('M = 4','M = 8','M = 16','M = 32', 'M = 64', 'M = 128') </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Result of the above code execution:(Click on the image to Enlarge)</b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSspbOUXLpyLs_RS2bkuw98FyhE-BTUsEOrmSpDcD9w7scwfDkFBALVfLTNGC6Ly1WU-lr8K-HKW38o82QM18UaufbsXt_XynkAFWFHc6bzXbYI7Sa4xcywn3g8SmKsjnAI948GwmC0xRH/s1600/mqam.jpg"><img alt="MATLAB SNR Vs Probability of Symbol Error Curve For M-ary QAM in AWGN channel: Error Probability Curve For M-ary QAM" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSspbOUXLpyLs_RS2bkuw98FyhE-BTUsEOrmSpDcD9w7scwfDkFBALVfLTNGC6Ly1WU-lr8K-HKW38o82QM18UaufbsXt_XynkAFWFHc6bzXbYI7Sa4xcywn3g8SmKsjnAI948GwmC0xRH/s1600/mqam.jpg" height="305" title="MATLAB SNR Vs Probability of Symbol Error Curve For M-ary QAM in AWGN channel: Error Probability Curve For M-ary QAM" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MATLAB SNR Vs Probability of Symbol Error Curve For M-ary QAM in AWGN channel: Error Probability Curve For M-ary QAM</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Feel free to comment if you git a better code for it. I will be posting that too as the extension to this article.<br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-22124351972867526712015-04-10T04:20:00.001-07:002015-04-11T04:48:15.229-07:00Rayleigh distribution PDF & CDF plot in MATLAB using & without using Inbuilt Functions<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The <dfn>Rayleigh distribution</dfn>, is named after Lord Rayleigh.
It is the distribution of the magnitude of a two-dimensional random vector
whose coordinates are independent, identically distributed, zero mean normal variables.</div>
<h3 id="Standard" style="text-align: justify;">
The Rayleigh Distribution</h3>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Suppose that <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-11-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-21" role="math" style="display: inline-block; width: 1.176em;"><span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 103%; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 1.112em;"><span style="clip: rect(3.09em, 1000em, 4.32em, -1000em); left: 0em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-22"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-23"><span style="display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 1.112em;"><span style="clip: rect(3.09em, 1000em, 4.17em, -1000em); left: 0em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">Z<span style="display: inline-block; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.683em; position: absolute; top: -3.822em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; height: 0.994em; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.223em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> and <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-12-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-26" role="math" style="display: inline-block; width: 1.176em;"><span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 103%; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 1.112em;"><span style="clip: rect(3.09em, 1000em, 4.32em, -1000em); left: 0em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-27"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-28"><span style="display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 1.112em;"><span style="clip: rect(3.09em, 1000em, 4.17em, -1000em); left: 0em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">Z<span style="display: inline-block; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="left: 0.683em; position: absolute; top: -3.822em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-30" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; height: 0.994em; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.223em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> are normally distributed independent random variables. The magnitude <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit;"></span><span class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-13-Frame"><nobr><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-31" role="math" style="display: inline-block; width: 6.972em;"><span style="display: inline-block; font-size: 103%; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 6.767em;"><span style="clip: rect(2.621em, 1000em, 4.818em, -1000em); left: 0em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-32"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">R</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-34" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;">=</span><span class="msqrt" id="MathJax-Span-35" style="padding-left: 0.278em;"><span style="display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 4.674em;"><span style="clip: rect(2.958em, 1000em, 4.477em, -1000em); left: 1em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-36"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-37"><span style="display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 1.214em;"><span style="clip: rect(3.09em, 1000em, 4.17em, -1000em); left: 0em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">Z<span style="display: inline-block; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="clip: rect(3.302em, 1000em, 4.17em, -1000em); left: 0.785em; position: absolute; top: -4.316em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="clip: rect(3.302em, 1000em, 4.17em, -1000em); left: 0.683em; position: absolute; top: -3.665em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;">+</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"><span style="display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 1.214em;"><span style="clip: rect(3.09em, 1000em, 4.17em, -1000em); left: 0em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;">Z<span style="display: inline-block; height: 1px; overflow: hidden; width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="clip: rect(3.302em, 1000em, 4.17em, -1000em); left: 0.785em; position: absolute; top: -4.316em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="clip: rect(3.302em, 1000em, 4.17em, -1000em); left: 0.683em; position: absolute; top: -3.665em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-45" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; font-size: 70.7%;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="clip: rect(3.503em, 1000em, 3.94em, -1000em); left: 1em; position: absolute; top: -4.854em;"><span style="display: inline-block; height: 0px; position: relative; width: 3.674em;"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; left: -0.084em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;">−<span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.98em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;">−<span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.406em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;">−<span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 0.921em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;">−<span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.436em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;">−<span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 1.95em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;">−<span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Main; left: 2.465em; position: absolute; top: -3.972em;">−<span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span><span style="clip: rect(2.623em, 1000em, 4.82em, -1000em); left: 0em; position: absolute; top: -3.974em;"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size2;">√</span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; height: 3.972em; width: 0px;"></span></span></span><span style="border-left: 0em solid; display: inline-block; height: 1.99em; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -0.735em; width: 0px;"></span></span></nobr></span> has the <b><dfn>Rayleigh distribution</dfn></b>.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Rayleigh PDF</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It is defined by the following expression: </div>
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<img alt="The Rayleigh PDF" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/6/f/16fefe254168289b30776945e9c0bfa5.png" title="The Rayleigh PDF" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Rayleigh CDF</div>
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<img alt="The Rayleigh CDF" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhd2fRMb04EZcQvrNHfuvUor7Vg8vzm9ql1ff_pHSAb-p2QgTc7OKLxv0gNTBgCaFQpLohqO6_5kszbrMgUisBhMY9DBekkZi7K2kzpMDAPk8EKpUcGQicvZHoR01DhNc8hVQRpC7Vklxlo/s1600/Untitled.png" height="62" title="The Rayleigh CDF" width="320" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Here "<b>σ</b>"<b> </b>may be considered as rms value of the received voltage signal, if seen through a communication engineer point of view.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<u><b>Rayleigh fading</b></u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Rayleigh fading model assume that the magnitude of a signal that has passed through such a communication channel will fade, according to a Rayleigh distribution — the radial component of the sum of two uncorrelated Gaussian random variables.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It is viewed as a justified model for tropospheric and ionospheric signal propagation as well as the effect of heavily cluttered urban environments on wireless communication channel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayleigh_fading#cite_note-2"></a></sup> Rayleigh fading is most applicable when there is no dominant propagation along a line of sight between the 2 communication ends. But if there is, Rician fading will be more applicable.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<u><b>MATLAB Code for Plotting Rayleigh Distribution PDF & CDF without using the inbuilt function of Rayleigh PDF & CDF:</b></u></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
%also the mean, variance & median have been calculated in the code</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>clc;<br />close all;<br />clear all;<br />sig=1; </b>%RMS value of received voltage signal<b><br />r = 0:0.1:10; </b>%the range of value of 'r'<b><br />pdf=(r/sig.^2) .* exp(-r.^2/2*(sig.^2)); </b>% the Rayleigh PDF<b><br />figure;<br />plot(r,pdf,'b') </b>%Plotting the Rayleigh PDF<b><br />title('Rayleigh PDF Plot');<br />xlabel('r');<br />ylabel('p(r)');<br />cdf=1-exp(-r.^2/(2*1)); </b>% the Rayleigh CDF<br />
figure;<b><br />plot(r,cdf,'b') </b>%Plotting the Rayleigh PDF<b><br />title('Rayleigh CDF Plot');<br />xlabel('r');<br />ylabel('P(r)');<br />mean=1.2533*sig; </b>%mean of the Rayleigh distribution<b><br />varr=0.4292*(sig^2); </b>%variance of the Rayleigh distribution<b><br />median=1.177*sig; </b>%median of the Rayleigh PDF</div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><b>Result of The above Code:</b></u></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Rayleigh distribution CDF MATLAB Plot With σ=1" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv7_7kvHuhHw70BqCUW-Jcf1DQBBFfmOROb22Vk844dfVjR433ZjS9b0zjbPC5BrMZYdzYA0r_fwiF44Ye4AcdL0ulpvTlOuFM06V0ekYeZIlUXLW7OrUSxQk0Z4wB3048ZJa31OoZ9jFk/s1600/reycdf.jpg" height="478" title="Rayleigh distribution CDF MATLAB Plot With σ=1" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rayleigh distribution CDF MATLAB Plot With <b>σ=1</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Rayleigh distribution PDF MATLAB Plot With σ=1" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6kNT28ZbSaV_714xSZlCR0QbtWxueu8PGXQX77CoYMJXkINS8hKuawLZWLUwdpX66uDMNmzvg0LMiy2ARcVdCcs-7zeaAIgdeLOa4DAGRkFlm-i-cg9ZioO3Gshm3uywHbXkkXu7qwO7B/s1600/reypdf.jpg" height="478" title="Rayleigh distribution PDF MATLAB Plot With σ=1" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rayleigh distribution PDF MATLAB Plot With <b>σ=1</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The same plot can be obtained by using the MATLAB's inbuilt Rayleigh distribution PDF & CDF function, raylpdf & raylcdf. Just replace the function definition part with the proper formatted raylpdf & raylcdf.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The code after the necessary modification (Now we are using MATLAB inbuilt functions of Rayleigh Distribution PDF & CDF) will look like: [The modification done is denoted by ****]</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>clc;<br />close all;<br />clear all;<br />sig=1; </b>%RMS value of received voltage signal<b><br />r = 0:0.1:10; </b>%the range of value of 'r'<b><br />pdf=raylpdf(r,sig); </b>% the Rayleigh PDF <b>****<br />figure;<br />plot(r,pdf,'b') </b>%Plotting the Rayleigh PDF<b><br />title('Rayleigh PDF Plot');<br />xlabel('r');<br />ylabel('p(r)');<br />cdf=raylcdf(r,sig); </b>% the Rayleigh CDF<b><br />figure;<br />plot(r,cdf,'b') </b>%Plotting the Rayleigh PDF<b> ****<br />title('Rayleigh CDF Plot');<br />xlabel('r');<br />ylabel('P(r)');<br />mean=1.2533*sig; </b>%mean of the Rayleigh distribution<b><br />varr=0.4292*(sig^2); </b>%variance of the Rayleigh distribution<b><br />median=1.177*sig; </b>%median of the Rayleigh PDF<b> </b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Result of Above code for plotting the PDF & CDF of Rayleigh Distribution Using MATLAB inbuilt function is:</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Rayleigh distribution CDF MATLAB Plot With σ=1" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ3By0sH8zTgcxxk_8i_PpzC9oWZVjKmMZOEN39g_BcvWBVN22VW8nWpGJEAA7or4x0wmepFwQWxZ6_XTveJDMoXTFocgH7NEtwLY41ITVwfZNZgZfARUTdHnadPaJjqTVGHLb8mns1itp/s1600/reycdf.jpg" height="478" title="Rayleigh distribution CDF MATLAB Plot With σ=1" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rayleigh distribution CDF MATLAB Plot With <b>σ=1</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Rayleigh distribution PDF MATLAB Plot With σ=1" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwNZbwS1KgpuSUe7sng5gUlUkhyphenhyphen-CSwRgbIBXr-HGx4l_jKhZNWaV5Pmnm4ds4hRVMKdq4vLIiMEe-sBefPpqC79CxSxx-7SkX99booeLrC84IWURd1w9QJUgr3gG_hCsWotvZMfDJPFDe/s1600/reypdf.jpg" height="476" title="Rayleigh distribution PDF MATLAB Plot With σ=1" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rayleigh distribution PDF MATLAB Plot With <b>σ=1</b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Just have a try with different range of 'r' or a different value of sigma.</div>
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<h4 class="title">
<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-70499927059494874282015-04-09T04:50:00.000-07:002015-04-23T09:53:21.294-07:00MATLAB "bertool" : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
You might be a communication system designer, or a newbie in communication. While designing or applying any of the modulation scheme with or without modulation for any type of channel you need to have the information of the Bit Error Rate for a particular SNR, so that you can decide on the various parameters of your system (for e.g., transmit power). Or sometime you just want to compare your developed system or scheme with the currently available theoretical references of the BER values. For that need MATLAB's communication system toolbox has been bundled with a tool, in which you just need to select a few options & there you will get the result you want for the BERs.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
So assuming you did already installed MATLAB's Communication System Toolbox, for starting the Bit Error Analysis Tool you just need to type & enter the command in the MATLAB's command window as "<b>bertool</b>".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
That will popup a window like this,</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="The Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB's Communication System Toolbox: BERTOOL" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5rmBw-CyDCTm1KksUGjhsmoQRpWcTO9PFqpCDLZgw0SVZclYIesJ9X0_aT3KeHH0_8pX4HH310phRjg-9fpmX-uDSLSdoxax4rZCST5WKdeild1GfjEL0cZGKmF8FcTSLQ1AdhFWyPDPg/s1600/bert.png" height="414" title="The Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB's Communication System Toolbox: BERTOOL" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB's Communication System Toolbox: BERTOOL</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The file menu has some options for the user. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;">
<img alt="fILE MENU OF BERTOOL MATLAB" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtuRCv1nF_AsAFT7yEumu5mV2SavCGB2aPqeFyvjU5MdnVmYDq49mqiE_psX3ilf0LpD9jECIWkh0sX-ILApvs4KGprzPoBOG_M1hyzSJBgjsJYNBftbrzPhnPlFyhIEofnx8slIj7ag3J/s1600/file.png" title="fILE MENU OF BERTOOL MATLAB" /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
That is, <b>New Session</b>, <b>Open Session</b>, <b>Save Session</b>, <b>Import Data</b> & <b>Export Data</b>. The <b>Export Data</b>, will be enabled when you have already did a simulation, which you can later on import, through, <b>Import Data</b> option<b>.</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the tabs below, the <b>Theoretical Tab</b>, you may be seeing various options, one of them is the Eb/No range setting.</div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Eb/No Range Set in BERTOOL: Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGlmBn-ojV4jcINq1eYmt3NAT9Rnra0m0hnRS_O_R9Sv5rMAmcByFWBGhXzqv5cvxWZWpziLTB2JFJUbgmY8Kppkz815Ln9Hm9Al5rxKSOfZRZQ1rVyN270WpPcRci9INT3XyvwCwWGTZC/s1600/ebno.png" height="74" title="Eb/No Range Set in BERTOOL: Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eb/No Range Set in BERTOOL: Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If you want it to be in the range -6 to 20 dB you just need to specify it as, -6:20 in the above input box. This will serve as your x-axis while the BER plot has been generated.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Below that, there is also an option to select the channel type, it provides us with three options,</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>AWGN</b>, <b>Rayleigh</b>, & <b>Rician</b>. After the selection you will get various other options related to these channel that you can tweak in to further control your channel.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Channel Type AWGN in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox " border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI90ortedy6SkB9aRAetwe_aiZzFRYl82042CiCiRMelgor4pyV2nsS9GPon7oDhPw1qMqwOvTpS5N7lZBnI2Lc-1PbxHom_6ZN4MI_iGx6xaLPblAcw5daycxrJ35ExoeumCaUk-u5oS6/s1600/ch1.png" height="124" title="Channel Type AWGN in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox " width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Channel Type AWGN in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Channel Type Rayleigh in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox " border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMm-S8Ces2ciMkS9QAfG8s0aoA-LDdUKhGW1Ep1wfndbpnrArMULUnkuREySU0gKiLJl-1o9J3ouDunhpw4Cjfki_MP6ZKHQfqvIihVpFhFdMsJx31SATFKxtrYuS182MKdEWRnNhRKs0E/s1600/ch2.png" height="70" title="Channel Type Rayleigh in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox " width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Channel Type Rayleigh in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Channel Type Rician in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox " border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhSLTjtmDq-Ha0BPKIgqq4qdETlZuVkop9pQmUB29tzsEbq1PlkvHLFPxWdqpdhiRyEhyphenhyphenn_Z8AYvf7WdpfDSJchU7di8MYSCkcfHSBPOOSjAomWf_Z77N0xFsYPI1vNwTt_3mpOQN42HFUA/s1600/ch3.png" height="66" title="Channel Type Rician in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox " width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Channel Type Rician in BERTOOL : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It provides Various options in Modulation Schemes even.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Namely, <b>PSK</b>, <b>DPSK</b>, <b>OQPSK</b>, <b>PAM</b>, <b>QAM</b>, <b>FSK</b>,<b> MSK</b>, & <b>CPFSK</b>.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Modulation Type in BERTOOL: Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2Aik-bkR7gGTRSVrkra7s_v7I3WeduzKCErxCK-uXPX5WWZl0JveYIcrlylhjdzuZ8BNA_iAmlpt0dGcQsyWVIWqZcHKfd4eaykWSVZbQn6souRPZXccMk9sakYVVOi3mppbvBtYBCMbu/s1600/mod+type.png" height="226" title="Modulation Type in BERTOOL: Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Modulation Type in BERTOOL: Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Selection of Modulation Order, in BERTOOL " border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyRV8yePY51h7S9FddxdaR31PgOm3ziVvqc0inOGBLfrY5_BvvDm-4xJ3h78UH1mZjHceUdhoqSMtoifbc-zw7h1g6c0F5bTNe8I9oLIkFG99sRALPj0qJUY6kaSESpCmir3VmY5HtI76P/s1600/mod+order.png" height="298" title="Selection of Modulation Order, in BERTOOL " width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Selection of Modulation Order, in BERTOOL </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
So, for a M-Ary modulation scene you got various options, i.e., from 2 to 64. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Select & browse through various modulation schemes & you will be seeing various options enabling & disabling with them.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Like while selecting the PSK & OQPSK, you will see an option to enable Differential Encoding to appear & <b>demodulation type</b> option is disabled. And while selecting PAM, QAM, FSK you will not see any option of Differential Encoding.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Like wise you need to select what your communication system requires.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For <b>Channel Coding </b>part, You need to select Either, <b>None</b>, <b>Convolutional </b>or <b>Block </b>type of Coding.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
While selecting the Convolutional coding, you need to specify the trellis polynomial & what decision method you will use while decoding it.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Channel Coding Methods in MATLAB "bertool" : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjrCXXmdHEnBil1iyg_WAe0lfjoZInGCeJM2tkFJLah0wQv-eCZa-q_XCh91m6mMbR64jXpYFEInpqCk5dGj-GbVQmwKTkUZ2pwPOroJls8LTXy2R2Yw68juCBa3Y2hAW6cHfCRHap479A/s1600/cha.png" height="174" title="Channel Coding Methods in MATLAB "bertool" : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Channel Coding Methods in MATLAB "bertool" : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Another coding type will be the <b>Block </b>Code. Below are the various options available with it.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Block Coding Option in MATLAB "bertool" : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLiKEEVap4xB_yhV4P0ekLVpCI0z8wemFLW-Uk4GJ3tYGG7nTBBRXRqSC3cVWKq1q8lMAZOOCjExnfV7kTdB2n57qzvkijYiwIFIDXOtzlVbs_vThqhEA-jGu8NTESlNyvqmEGExvYXy61/s1600/coding.png" height="170" title="Block Coding Option in MATLAB "bertool" : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Block Coding Option in MATLAB "bertool" : Bit Error Analysis Tool in MATLAB Communication System Toolbox</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At last to generate a MATLAB BER vs SNR plot just press the button, "Plot".</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>I have selected, to plot from 0 to 18 dB SNR, AWGN Channel. 4-QAM modulation, with convolutional code, hard decision & the Trellis polynomial is represented by, poly2trellis(7, [171 133])</b>. The result is,</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="BER Plot, MATLAB 4-QAM, AWGN Channel, With Convolutional Coding/Decoding." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkVQI1VCm2hkv459wpip8eQCmTZKScuuV6zC4CFD238DYqC6i0bZsN9vU1FsYxXI-9OKSD4vq5SJri52CUt4Om3qhcSkeSnmZw11lk4EzSF6-kczFroJJr95rHXtPNr4xxWaJ9txpivzYi/s1600/ber+plot.png" height="316" title="BER Plot, MATLAB 4-QAM, AWGN Channel, With Convolutional Coding/Decoding." width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">BER Plot, MATLAB 4-QAM, AWGN Channel, With Convolutional Coding/Decoding.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
So when you run a simulation you get to see something new at the top, which is the data associated with the simulation that you can save, & reload for the next time if you want.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="The data after the simulation has completed. MATLAB bertool." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMr6T74sXR7nikbwoQQM9q1_vrmOcB1ySavdCjl5x-guqpSCpm68VoL6DWlJ4k5L2BdmAnsKfuUfQvxiPT-SlPzxRwDAubqnMrnliTyus33_8mBEUtBF61eAFT2OjgQK0Tu1HReYjkM_NC/s1600/Untitled.png" height="182" title="The data after the simulation has completed. MATLAB bertool." width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The data after the simulation has completed. MATLAB bertool.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The <b>semianalytic mode</b> of MATLAB BERtool, has the same functionality, but it gives more flexibility in terms of deciding the bits/symbols to get an analysis of. And additionally the receiver filter coefficient has been added.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="The Semianalytic Mode for the BERTOOL MATLAB." border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvs7DerACUA_KMsSU9RGPZlZi4KfSbKbcrgLChctRurxvPmcqYazqlr1VqOueA32S-PNQxctVKpjj9q17Gh1r-QibK88s0u9xnvB7cnt1Nq_hyphenhyphenGYcahfF0BQoHtLclr-aYh0V48rTkJqYH/s1600/Untitled.png" height="402" title="The Semianalytic Mode for the BERTOOL MATLAB." width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Semianalytic Mode for the BERTOOL MATLAB.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
You at last can do, Monte Carlo simulation also in MATLAB's BERTOOL. With various options.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Option of Monte Carlo Simulation in bertool, in MATLAB " border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF9CTVBsgve4RR6RFscoL8LSZEfhUFU4ycXbpEzrNQ_buH-Vj-GXwVCQbeJs0eWdO1o29RT16agb99OOhQMt9kZX_buf0n9Ly23ZRduyPwe-ZgbU_ou6tLEfIa_KOiM5HoOwcromTjORqc/s1600/Untitled.png" height="408" title="Option of Monte Carlo Simulation in bertool, in MATLAB " width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Option of Monte Carlo Simulation in bertool, in MATLAB </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
So, have a happy day with the BERTOOL of MATLAB. I am sure that this tool will be handy for you, if you need a serious wireless system design.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3421696680620384348.post-76649700377652403712015-04-08T07:27:00.002-07:002015-04-11T04:00:18.740-07:00Eb/No (SNR) Vs BER Curve Plotting for BPSK in AWGN Channel : Error Probability Curve For BPSK<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In digital communication, during transmission the bits usually gets altered, i.e., the transmitted '1' is interpreted as '0' & transmitted '0' is interpreted as '1', this constitutes as a bit error. This happens due to various factors, like noise, fading etc. The <b>bit error rate</b> (<b>BER</b>) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transmitted bits over a channel. BER although unit-less also expressed in terms of percentage.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
E.g., let the transmitted bit sequence:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
& the received bit sequence:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>1 1 <u>0</u> 0 <u>1</u> 0 1 1 <u>0</u> 0 ,</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Then the number of bit errors in this case is 3. The
BER is 3 incorrect bits divided by 10 transmitted bits, resulting in a
BER of 0.3 or 30%.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
That was a bit about BER, now something about AWGN channel,</div>
<b>Additive white Gaussian noise</b> (<b>AWGN</b>) is a basic channel model used to study the effect of random processes that occurs in nature.<br />
<ul>
<li>Its assumed to be 'Additive', so the modelling will be easy.</li>
<li>'White' refers to idea that it has uniform power across the
frequency band.</li>
<li>'Gaussian' because it has a normal distribution in the time domain, with average value zero.</li>
</ul>
The central limit theorem also states that the summation of large number of random processes will tend to have Gaussian or Normal distribution.<br />
<br />
<b>MATLAB Implementation:</b><br />
In the given example below, we have generated 100000 bits in order to have enough number of bits to generate a nearly real life curve. Also for each SNR value we have waited for 100 bit errors to occur before proceeding to the other SNR value, as to save the execution time. Later on all the bit errors that occurred are added & the number of bits generated are also added & divided by the former to obtain BER.<br />
In the same curve we have compared the simulation result with the theoretical result as well. <br />
<br />
<b>MATLAB Code for Eb/No (SNR) Vs BER Curve Plotting for BPSK in AWGN Channel</b>:<br />
<b>clc<br />clear all<br />close all<br />bit_count = 100000;</b> %no. of random bits to be generated for a single shot of BER calculation<br />
<b>SNR = 0: 1: 10; </b>%Range of SNR over which to simulate<b><br />for k = 1: 1: length(SNR)<br /> tote = 0; </b>%total error bits<b><br /> totb = 0; </b>%total bits<b><br /> while tote < 100 </b>%until you get 100 errors<b><br /> rbits = round(rand(1,bit_count)); </b>%generate random bits<b><br /> tx = -2*(rbits-0.5); </b>% BPSK Modulation: Directly to Bipolar NRZ<b><br /> N0 = 1/10^(SNR(k)/10); </b>%noise level<b><br /> rx = tx + sqrt(N0/2)*(randn(1,length(tx))+i*randn(1,length(tx)));<br /> rx2 = rx < 0; </b>% BPSK demodulator logic at the Receiver<b><br /> diff = rbits - rx2; </b>% Calculate Bit Errors<b><br /> tote = tote + sum(abs(diff)); </b>%total errors<br />
<b> totb = totb + length(rbits); </b>%total<b> </b>bits generated<br />
<b> end<br /> BER(k) = tote / totb; </b>% Calculate Bit Error Rate<b><br />end<br />semilogy(SNR,BER,'*r');<br />hold on;<br />xlabel('Eb/No (dB)');<br />ylabel('BER');<br />title('Eb/No(SNR) Vs BER plot for BPSK Modualtion in AWGN Channel');<br />thber = 0.5*erfc(sqrt(10.^(SNR/10))); </b>% Theoretical BER<b><br />semilogy(SNR,thber);<br />grid on;<br />legend('Simulated Curve', 'Theoretical Curve');</b><br />
<br />
<u><b>Result of above Code:</b></u><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Eb/No (SNR) Vs BER Curve Plotting for BPSK in AWGN Channel" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkoz3xL0WwHm4zvRrFDxLq7A4952nrvjQpRXS1_JtoheKszUzCN7DXo33DD45XoW9EDFF8ctHNQfGf_fPhrn7_yQ0Xr8RSnrbofxMAqZNvwAQyDC02LMueD2e_6UBhyphenhyphenAbEkk5fthWqt9uC/s1600/untitled.jpg" height="478" title="Eb/No (SNR) Vs BER Curve Plotting for BPSK in AWGN Channel" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Eb/No (SNR) Vs BER Curve Plotting for BPSK in AWGN Channel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<a href="http://www.divilabs.com/" rel="author">Author: Vibhutesh Kumar Singh</a>
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<b>An active & prominent author at Digital iVision Labs! Specializing in MATLAB, C++, Arduino, OpenCV, NI Labview, Web Designing & other Electronics stuffs! Just started M.Tech. From IIIT Delhi, looking for excellent PhD Opportunities with prominent researchers. Drop a mail: vibhutesh[at]gmail.com or Follow him at....</b>
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